Hemoglobin glycation index among adults with type 1 diabetes: Association with double diabetes features

Figure 1 Relationships among glucose management indicator, laboratory glycated hemoglobin, and skin autofluorescence of advanced glycation end products. A: The correlation plot between glucose management indicator (GMI) and laboratory glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c); B: The discrepancy of GMI and laboratory HbA1c among different hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) groups (error bars represent standard error of the mean); C: The correlation plot between HGI and skin autofluorescence of advanced glycation end products. HGI groups were determined by HGI value tertile (low HGI: ≤ 0.12%; moderate HGI: 0.13%-0.70%; high HGI: ≥ 0.71%). ^bP < 0.01. ^cP < 0.001. GMI: Glucose management indicator; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; HGI: Hemoglobin glycation index; SAF-AGEs: Skin autofluorescence of advanced glycation end products.

Figure 2 Prevalence of diabetic microangiopathy among different hemoglobin glycation index groups. ^aP < 0.05. Significant difference between high and low hemoglobin glycation index group, corrected for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method. HGI: Hemoglobin glycation index.

Figure 3 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between double diabetes features and hemoglobin glycation index groups. Forest plots display odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. ¹Moderate hemoglobin glycation index group compared to low hemoglobin glycation index group. ²High hemoglobin glycation index group compared to low hemoglobin glycation index group. Confounding variables adjusted: Age, gender, duration of diabetes and hemoglobin. OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; HGI: Hemoglobin glycation index; DD: Double diabetes; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; PBF: Percent total body fat; VFA: Visceral fat area; eIS: Estimated insulin sensitivity.