Effectiveness and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Figure 1 The PRISMA flow diagram for search and selection processes of the meta- analysis. PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses; RCT: Randomized controlled trials.

Figure 2 Results of risk of bias graphs.

Figure 3 Reticulation of diabetic retinopathy treated with socio-comportemental and medical indicator. CT: Conventional western medicine treatment.

Figure 4 Network diagrams of comparisons on different outcomes of treatments in different groups (Oral Chinese medicines + conventional western medicine treatment) of patients with diabetic retinopathy. A: Total effective rate; B: Visual acuity; C: Vascular endothelial growth factor; D: Fundus hemorrhage area; E: Fasting blood glucose; F: Glycated hemoglobin. CT: Conventional western medicine treatment.

Figure 5 Pooled estimates of the network meta-analysis. A: Pooled risk d ratios (95% credible intervals) for the total effective rate; B: Pooled risk d ratios (95% credible intervals) for visual acuity; C: Pooled risk d ratios (95% credible intervals) for vascular endothelial growth factor; D: Pooled risk d ratios (95% credible intervals) for fundus hemorrhage area; E: Pooled risk d ratios (95% credible intervals) for fasting blood glucose; F: Pooled risk d ratios (95% credible intervals) for glycated hemoglobin. CT: Conventional western medicine treatment.

Figure 6 Surface under the cumulativeranking curve for outcomes. A: Total effective rate; B: Visual acuity; C: Vascular endothelial growth factor; D: Fundus hemorrhage area; E: Fasting blood glucose; F: Glycated hemoglobin. CT: Conventional western medicine treatment; XST: Xueshuantong Capsules; QM: Qiming Granules; DS: Compound Danshen Dripping Pills; HXMM: Hexue Mingmu Tablets; QJDH: Qiju Dihuang Pills; SDMM: Shuangdan Mingmu Capsules; DGBX: Danggui Buxue Decoction; XFZY: Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction; BYHW: Buyang Huanwu Decoction.

Figure 7 Cluster analysis for outcome indicators. A: Total effective rate and vision; B: Total effective rate and VEGF; C: Total effective rate and fundus hemorrhage area ; D: Fasting blood glucose and HbA1c. CT: Conventional western medicine treatment; XST: Xueshuantong Capsules; QM: Qiming Granules; DS: Compound Danshen Dripping Pills; HXMM: Hexue Mingmu Tablets; QJDH: Qiju Dihuang Pills; SDMM: Shuangdan Mingmu Capsules; DGBX: Danggui Buxue Decoction; XFZY: Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction; BYHW: Buyang Huanwu Decoction.

Figure 8 Risk of bias funnel chart. A: Total effective rate; B: Visual acuity; C: Vascular endothelial growth factor; D: Fundus hemorrhage area; E: Fasting blood glucose; F: Glycated hemoglobin. a: CT: Conventional treatment, including blood glucose control, blood pressure lowering, lipid regulation and other conventional treatments; b: Compound Xueshuantong Capsules; c: Qiming Granules; d: Compound Danshen Dripping Pills; e: Hexue Mingmu Tablets; f: Qiju Dihuang Pills; g: Shuangdan Mingmu Capsules; h: Danggui Buxue Decoction; i: Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction; j: Buyang Huanwu Decoction.