Advances in cardiovascular-related biomarkers to predict diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Figure 1 A brief introduction to vascular-related complications of diabetes and their common diagnostic markers. Common pathogenic mechanisms for macrovascular and microvascular complications include inflammation, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid metabolism and endothelial dysfunction. Cardiac troponin T is a marker of impaired microvascular circulation, which can affect myocardial blood supply and vascular endothelial cell function, resulting in the release of large amounts of troponin in the blood. B-type natriuretic peptide regulates blood pressure, blood volume, sodium balance, and glucose and fat metabolism. C-reactive protein is a marker of early myocardial injury and nonspecific inflammation. Myeloperoxidase is involved in the regulation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress in vivo and can induce acute coronary syndrome. Homocysteine is a marker of impaired neurons and vascular endothelial cells that induces oxidative stress and excessive proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Image from FreePik.