Gestational diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: The epidemic during the pandemic

Figure 1 Pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus. This image provides an overview of the underlying mechanisms and processes involved in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus[109]. TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; ATM: Adipose tissue macrophages.

Figure 2 Timeline of events of diagnostic guidelines for gestational diabetes mellitus. The diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes have evolved over time, with changes in fasting and post-challenge glucose thresholds. The criteria have become more standardized and sensitive in recent years, reflecting advancements in understanding the risks associated with elevated glucose levels during pregnancy. OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; NDDG: National Diabetes Data Group; WHO: World Health Organization; IADPSG: International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups; ADA: American Diabetes Association.

Figure 3 Linear trend of gestational diabetes mellitus trends and statistics from 2016 to 2020[49]. GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.