Characterization of gut microbial and metabolite alterations in faeces of Goto Kakizaki rats using metagenomic and untargeted metabolomic approach

Figure 1 Comparison of body weight, fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance levels. A: Comparison of body weight; B: Comparison of fasting blood glucose levels; C: Comparison of insulin levels; D: Comparison of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index; E: Comparison of homeostasis model assessment of β cell index. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs the control group. FBG: Fasting blood glucose.

Figure 2 Comparison of the gut microbiota structure by principal coordinate analysis. A: Comparison of the gut microbiota structure by principal coordinate analysis; B: Distribution of different groups on the first principal component axis.

Figure 3 Comparison of the relative abundances of phylum, genus and species. A: Comparison of the relative abundances of phylum; B: Comparison of the relative abundances of genus; C: Comparison of the relative abundances of species. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs the control group.

Figure 4 Correlation the relationship between glucose factors, gut microbiota at the species level and metabolites. A: Correlation between glucose factors and the gut microbiota at the species level; B: Correlation between glucose factors and metabolites; C: Correlation between metabolites and the gut microbiota at the species level. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs the control group. The range of r values is noted. FBG: Fasting blood glucose.

Figure 5 Comparison of the metabolite profiles by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and model validation. A: Comparison of the positive-ion metabolite profiles by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA); B: Positive-ion metabolite profiles with OPLS-DA model validation; C: Comparison of the negative-ion metabolite profiles by OPLS-DA; D: Negative-ion metabolite profiles with OPLS-DA model validation.

Figure 6 Differential metabolites and metabolic pathways. A: Volcano plot of the differential positive- and negative-ion metabolites; B: Metabolic pathways showing differential regulation in Goto Kakizaki rats.

Figure 7 Potential targets of the metabolic pathways showing differential regulation in Goto Kakizaki rats. Compared with the control group, green and orange represent decreased and increased levels, respectively.