Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Diabetes. Dec 15, 2023; 14(12): 1738-1753
Published online Dec 15, 2023. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i12.1738
Figure 1
Open in New Tab Full Size Figure Download Figure
Figure 1 Hepatic nuclear factor 1α mutations cause beta cell dysfunction. hepatic nuclear factor 1α (HNF1A) controls the expression of genes essential in carbohydrates and protein metabolism, such as glycolysis, the Calvin cycle, and mitochondrial oxidation. HNF1A deficiency inhibits mitochondrial respiration in human embryonic stem cell-derived beta cells. HNF1A: Hepatic nuclear factor 1α.
Figure 2
Open in New Tab Full Size Figure Download Figure
Figure 2 The ATP-sensitive potassium channel exhibits a simple structural composition. A: The Kir6.x subunit consists of two transmembrane regions (TM1 and TM2) linked by a pore-forming area known as H5. The SURx subunit consists of three domains, including TMD0 with five transmembrane sections and TMD1 and TMD2 with six transmembrane regions each. The intracellular localization of the nucleotide-binding domains (NBD1 and NBD2) has been observed. The only distinction between SUR2A and SUR2B resides in their C-terminal end (C42); B: The functioning ATP-sensitive potassium channel comprises four Kir6.x subunits and four SURx subunits. Citation: Clement A, Guo S, Jansen-Olesen I, Christensen SL. ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Migraine: Translational Findings and Therapeutic Potential. Cells 2022; 11. Copyright ©The MDPI. Published by MDPI.
Figure 3
Open in New Tab Full Size Figure Download Figure
Figure 3 The utilization of a glucose biosensor in advanced biotechnology and research applications. Citation: Shoaib A, Darraj A, Khan ME, Azmi L, Alalwan A, Alamri O, Tabish M, Khan AU. A Nanotechnology-Based Approach to Biosensor Application in Current Diabetes Management Practices. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13. Copyright ©The MDPI AG. Published by MDPI AG.
Figure 4
Open in New Tab Full Size Figure Download Figure
Figure 4 Interactions between proteins and nanomaterials, such as those between proteins and insulin-loaded nanoparticles. Citation: Zhang T, Tang JZ, Fei X, Li Y, Song Y, Qian Z, Peng Q. Can nanoparticles and nano-protein interactions bring a bright future for insulin delivery? Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11: 651-667. Copyright ©The Amsterdam: Elsevier. Published by Amsterdam: Elsevier.