Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Diabetes. Jul 15, 2022; 13(7): 482-497
Published online Jul 15, 2022. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i7.482
Figure 1
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Figure 1 Associations between maternal overnutrition and fetal programming of obesity/type 2 diabetes mellitus including potential modulating factors and effects on offspring health. FFA: Free fatty acid; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IGF: Insulin-like growth factor.
Figure 2
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Figure 2 Associations between maternal undernutrition and fetal programming of obesity/type 2 diabetes mellitus including potential modulating factors and effects on offspring health.
Figure 3
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Figure 3 Associations between paternal health factors and fetal programming of obesity/type 2 diabetes mellitus including potential modulating factors and effects on offspring health.
Figure 4
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Figure 4 Potential measures that can be taken at various stages of the lifecycle to reduce adverse effects of fetal programming of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in future generations. LBW: Low birth weight; BMI: Body mass index.