Association of β-cell function and insulin resistance with pediatric type 2 diabetes among Chinese children

Figure 1 Islet function traits of children and adolescents in the control population by sex. A: Beta-cell function; B: Insulin resistance. The box plots show the median (horizontal line), interquartile range (box), 5^th percentiles (whiskers), 95^th percentiles (whiskers), and outliers outside the 5^th and 95^th percentiles (dots). Red boxes represent female control population and blue boxes represent male control population. HOMA2-%B: Homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA2-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

Figure 2 Differences in z-scores of homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function and insulin resistance between type 2 diabetes patients and the control population. The box plots show the median (horizontal line), interquartile range (box), 5^th percentiles (whiskers), 95^th percentiles (whiskers), and outliers outside the 5^th and 95^th percentiles (dots). Red boxes represent type 2 diabetes patients and blue boxes represent the control population. Z-scores of the homeostasis model index were compared between the type 2 diabetes patients and the control population by sex (A and B), obesity status (C and D) and puberty status (E and F). ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; HOMA2-%B: Homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA2-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

Figure 3 Association of changes in the homeostasis model index with risk of type 2 diabetes by sex, obesity status, and puberty status. Error bars indicate 95%CIs. Red squares represent the association of per unit decrease in homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function z-score with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Blue circles represent the association of per unit increase in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance z-score with T2DM. A: Age, Tanner stage, T2DM family history, body mass index (BMI) z-score, and lipid profile were adjusted; B: Sex, age, Tanner stage, T2DM family history, and lipid profile were adjusted; C: Sex, age, T2DM family history, BMI z-score, and lipid profile were adjusted. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; HOMA2-%B: Homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA2-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

Figure 4 Adjusted male-female ratio of children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus from different countries and regions. The adjusted male-female ratio was calculated by dividing the male-female ratio of the study population by the male-female ratio of the population of the country/region.