Diabetes and inflammatory diseases: An overview from the perspective of Ca2+/3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling

Figure 1 Pharmaceutical modulation of Ca²⁺/3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling. Decreasing Ca²⁺ influx through L-type Ca²⁺ channels, e.g., endorsed by Ca²⁺ channel blockers (CCBs), enhances adenylyl cyclase activity (and consequently increases 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels; identified as a Ca²⁺/cAMP signaling interaction), and these effects of CCBs could be increased by cAMP-enhancer compounds (such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors). CCBs: Ca²⁺ channel blockers; cAMP: 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate; AC: Adenylyl cyclase; PDEs: Phosphodiesterases.

Figure 2 The Ca²⁺/3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling dysregulations and their consequences. Up arrow: Increasing; Down arrow: Decreasing. [Ca²⁺]_c: Intracellular concentration of Ca²⁺; [cAMP]_c: Intracellular concentration of 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate.