Does music reduce anxiety and discomfort during flexible sigmoidoscopy? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Inclusion criteria

All studies reporting on music therapy during flexible sigmoidoscopy

All comparative studies using any control

All study designs, adults of any sex and any languages

Table 2 Study characteristics

Ref.	Year	From	Types of music used	Control population			Study population
				n	Age (mean)	Sex (m/f)	n	Age (mean)	Sex (m/f)
Palakanis et al[5]	1994	United States	Pt selected from classical, country western, popular, gospel music, blues	25	49	20/5	25	55	17/8
Lembo et al[6]	1998	United States	Ocean shore sounds	12	59	12/0	12	60	12/0
Chlan et al[15]	1999	United States	Pt selected from classical, country-western, new-age, pop, rock, religious, soundtracks, jazz	34	ND	ND	30	ND	ND
Meeuse et al[22]	2010	Europe	Pt selected from classical, English/dutch popular, jazz	154	51	72/82	153	53	75/78

ND: No data; Pt: Patients; m/f: Male/female.

Table 3 Study outcomes

Ref.	Year	Group	n	State anxiety score STAI (post procedure)		Anxiety score after SSR		Pain score		Helpful (n)
				Score	SD/SEM	Score	SD/SEM	Score	SD/SEM
Palakanis et al[5]	1994	Control	25	31.48	6.7	-	-	-	-	11
		Music	25	25.24	6.7	-	-	-	-	22
Lembo et al[6]	1998	Control	12	-	-	4.4	0.6	10.8	1.6	-
		Music	12	-	-	2.8	0.4	9.5	1.3	-
Chlan et al[15]	1999	Control	34	41.8	9	-	-	5.2	1.7	19
		Music	30	34.5	9	-	-	4.3	2.1	25
Meeuse et al[22]	2010	Control	154	-	-	-	-	40	29	-
		Music	153	-	-	-	-	36	27	-

ND: No data; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; SSR: Stress symptom ratings.