Analysis of the risk factors for severity in post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: The indication of prophylactic treatments

Table 1 Characterization of patients with post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis

Variables	Mild-moderate PEP	Severe PEP
Age (yr) (n = 121)
Median	73.7	76.5
(range)	(18-93)	(32-88)
Gender (n = 121)
Male/female	57/50	7/7
BMI (kg/m2) (n = 121)
Median	21.6	23.2
(range)	(13.97-35.20)	(14.79-29.5)
Smoking status (n = 121)
Non-smoker/Ex- or current smoker	83/24	7/7
Drinking status (n = 121)
Absent/present	67/40	12/2
Past history (n = 121)
Absent/present	31/76	4/10
Malignant disease (n = 121)
Absent/present	84/23	10/4
History of pancreatitis (n = 121)
Absent/present	106/1	1/13
SOD (n = 121)
Absent/present	101/6	1/13
Diverticulum nearby vater papilla (n = 121)
Absent/present	70/37	11/3
CBD diameter of patient with CBD stones (n = 41)
≥ 10 mm/< 10 mm	21/16	2/2

PEP: Post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis; BMI: Body mass index; SOD: Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction; CBD: Common bile duct.

Table 2 Clinical data and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography intervention of patients with post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis

Variables	Mild-moderate PEP (n = 107)	Severe PEP (n = 14)
ERCP procedure
Not emergency/emergency	91/16	13/1
EST	29	2
EPBD	12	2
Pancreatography
No/yes	38/69	9/5
Contrast media remained in the pancreatic duct
No/yes	75/32	5/9
IDUS
No/yes	86/21	9/5
Transpapillary biopsies
No/yes	76/31	10/4
Time for ERCP procedure (min)
Median	50	56
(range)	(12-170)	(26-150)
Expertise of ERCP procedure
Not expert/expert	62/45	9/5
Abdominal pain within three hours after ERCP
No/yes	49/58	1/13
Serum amylase level of the next day (IU/mL)
Median	1001	1543
(range)	(83-3604)	(258-2969)
White blood cell of the next day (/μL)
median	8040	8790
(range)	(3240-26320)	(6270-13410)
C-reactive protein of the next day (mg/dL)
Median	2.08	3.1
(range)	(0.04-32.55)	(0.20-38.31)

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; PEP: Post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis; EST: Endoscopic sphincterotomy; EPBD: Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation; IDUS: Intraductal ultrasonography.

Table 3 Univariate analyses of characterization for severe post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis

Variables	No. of patients	Median of patients (range)	Univariate analysis P value
Age (yr) (n = 121)		76 (18-91)	0.874
Gender (n = 121)			0.818
Male/female	64/57
BMI (kg/m2) (n = 121)		21.2 (14.0-35.2)	0.379
Smoking status (n = 121)			0.201
Non-smoker/Ex- or current smoker	90/31
Drinking status (n = 121)			0.302
Absent/present	79/42
Past history (n = 121)			0.967
Absent/present	35/86
Malignant disease (n = 121)			0.550
Absent/present	94/27
History of pancreatitis (n = 121)			0.606
Absent/present	119/7
SOD (n = 121)			0.644
Absent/present	114/7
Diverticulum nearby vater papilla (n = 121)			0.325
Absent/present	81/40
CBD diameter of patient with CBD stones (n = 41)			0.796
≥ 10 mm/< 10 mm	23/18

BMI: Body mass index; SOD: Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction; CBD: Common bile duct.

Table 4 Univariate analyses of clinical data and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography intervention for post- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis

Variables	No. of patients (n = 121)	Median of patients (range)	Univariate analysis P value
ERCP procedure			0.429
Not emergency/emergency	104/17
EST	31		0.302
EPBD	14		0.736
Pancreatography			0.798
No/yes	47/74
Contrast media remained in the pancreatic duct			0.011
No/yes	80/41
IDUS			0.168
No/yes	95/26
Transpapillary biopsies			0.975
No/yes	86/35
Time for ERCP procedure (min)		50 (12-170)	0.343
Expertise of ERCP procedure			0.65
Not expert/expert	71/50
Abdominal pain within three hours after ERCP			0.006
No/yes	50/51
Serum amylase level of the next day (IU/mL)		1065 (83-3604)	0.184
White blood cell of the next day (/μL)		8050 (3240-26320)	0.668
C-reactive protein of the next day (mg/dL)		2.1 (0.04-38.31)	0.601

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; EST: Endoscopic Sphincterotomy; EPBD: Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation; IDUS: Intraductal ultrasonography.

Table 5 Multivariate analyses of risk factors for severe post- Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis

Variables	Multivariate analysis
	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Contrast media remained in the pancreatic duct
No	1
Yes	4.254 (1.238-14.616)	0.021
Abdominal pain within three hours after ERCP
No	1
Yes	11.881 (1.400-100.784)	0.023

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.