Laparoscopic esophagomyotomy for achalasia in children: A review

Table 1 Achalasia symptoms and associated conditions in children

Symptoms

Progressive dysphagia

Vomiting

Weight loss

Regurgitation

Aspiration

Chest pain

Failure to thrive

Associated conditions

Allgrove syndrome (triple A syndrome)

Down syndrome

Chagas disease

Table 2 Complications

Year	Ref.	LHM children (n)	Fundoplication (n)	Intraoperative complication (n)				Postoperative complication (n)
				Mucosal injury or perforation	Aspiration Event	Conversion to open	Hemorrhage event	Recurrence of dysphagia	Symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux	Other
1996	Holcomb et al[69]	2	None	0	-/-	-/-	-/-	0	-/-	-/-
2001	Mehra et al[70]	18	8 Dor, 8 Toupet, 2 Nissen	2	-/-	2	-/-	a	a	-/-
2001	Patti et al[54]	13	12 Dor, 1 none	0	0	0	0	0	1	-/-
2001	Rothenberg et al[72]	5	4 Dor, 1 Toupet	1 (identified POD #5)	0	0	0	b	b	-/-
2003	Mattioli et al[64]	20	20 Dor	1	-/-	-/-	1	4	0	-/-
2007	Garzi et al[63]	12	6 Thal, 6 Dor	1	-/-	-/-	-/-	0	-/-	3 pts w/odynophagia
2007	Paidas et al[71]	14	14 Dor	1	-/-	-/-	-/-	a	a	-/-
2009	Pastor et al[17]	14	11 Nissen, 3 unknown	2 (1 identified on unspecified POD)	-/-	2	-/-	b	b	-/-
2009	Askegard-Giesmann et al[67]	26	2 Dor, 23 Toupet, 1 none	2	1	0	0	7	1	-/-
2010	Corda et al[66]	20	None	3	-/-	4	1	5	0	-/-
2010	Lee et al[6]	7	4 Dor, 1 Nissen, 2 none	-/-	-/-	-/-	-/-	-/-	-/-	1 pt w/DVT
2010	Tannuri et al[65]	15	15 Dor	0	0	1	0	3	0	-/-
2000	Esposito et al[60]	31	31 Dor	3 (1 identified POD #2)	-/-	-/-	-/-	5	-/-	-/-
2014	Pachl et al[53]	28	9 Dor, 1 Nissen, 18 none	1	-/-	-/-	-/-	8	4	-/-
2015	Caldaro et al[52]	9	9 Dor	1 (identified POD #1)	-/-	-/-	-/-	2	1	-/-

-/-: Not explicitly stated in the study; a: Complication reported as average score or unclear description of number; b: Multiple myotomy approaches (laparoscopic, thoracoscopic, etc.) utilized in study cohort with unclear delineation of complications between groups; LHM: Laparoscopic Heller myotomy; DVT: Deep venous thrombosis.