Role of self-expanding metal stents in the management of variceal haemorrhage: Hype or hope?

Table 1 Summary of case series reporting self-expanding mesh-metal stent use in the control of oesophageal variceal haemorrhage

Ref.	Stent used	n	Indications/severity of liver disease	Length of Insertion (d)	Initial Haemostasis with SEMS	Mortality (d)	Complications/notes
Hubmann et al[25], 2006	Choo in 2	20	FTCB in 19	6 (2-14)	100%	10% 30 d	Minor ulceration in 1 patient
	Elle-Boubela in 3		FTCB and Oesophageal perforation in 1			20% 60 d	Migration in 2 patients
	SX-ELLA Danis in 15		CP A 0%/B 40%/C 60%
1Zehetner et al[26], 2008	SX-ELLA Danis	34	FTCB	5 (1-14)	97%	26.5% 30 d	1 patient continued to bleed from a gastric ulcer
						29.4% 60 d	Migration in 7 patients
			CP A 0%/B 38%/C 62%
Dechene et al[22], 2009	SX-ELLA Danis	1	FTCB	6	100%		Stent extracted at day 6 due to tracheal compression patient died on day 13 of hepatic failure
Mishin et al[24], 2010	SX-ELLA Danis	1	FTCB (EBL ulcer)	8	100%	0% 10 d	Outcomes after 10 d not reported
Wright et al[27], 2010	SX-ELLA Danis	10	FTCB in 8	6 (6-14)	70%	50% 42 d	Uncontrolled bleeding from gastric varices after insertion in 2 patients
			BT induced oesophageal tear in 2				Failure to place stent in 1 patient
			Median MELD 26 (14-39)
2Dechêne et al[23], 2012	SX-ELLA Danis	9	FTCB	11 (7-14)	100%	56% 30 d	1 patient died within 5 d from liver failure (technically FTCB)
			Median MELD 32 (16-40)			67% 60 d
Fierz et al[28], 2013	SX-ELLA Danis	9	FTCB	0.5-5	89%	78% 42 d	1 failure due to incorrect deployment
			Median MELD 27 (11-37)
Holster et al[32], 2013	SX-ELLA Danis	5	FTCB	6-214	100%	Not reported	1 re-bleed at 7 d from the GOJ
			Median MELD 21 (11-28)
Zakaria et al[29], 2013	SX-ELLA Danis	16	Primary therapy in acute variceal bleed	2-4	94%	25%	Uncontrolled bleeding from GOV-1 varix after insertion in 1 patient
			CP A 13%/B 50%/C 37%				Failure to place stent in 1 patients

¹20 patients included in this trial were also included in the first trial by Hubmann et al[25];

²Dechene et al[22] previously reported 1 patient from this series in 2009. FTCB: Failure to control bleeding; BT: Balloon tamponade; EBL: Endoscopic band ligation; CP: Child-Pugh score; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease score; GOV-1: Gastro-oesophageal varices type 1.