Role of stenting in gastrointestinal benign and malignant diseases

Table 1 Characteristics of the most commonly used esophageal stents

Producer	Model	Material	Diameter mm (body/flare)	Length (cm)	Type and characteristics
Merit Endotek	Alimaxx-E®	Nitinol	18/22	7-10-12	Fully-covered with anti-migration system
Merit Endotek	EndoMAXX®	Nitinol	19/24-23/28	7-10-12-15	Fully-covered with anti-migration system
Boston Scientific	Ultraflex®	Nitinol	18/23-23/28	10-12-15	Uncovered and partially-covered Possibility of distal or proximal release
Boston Scientific	Flamingo Wallstent®	Stainless steel	20/30	12-14	Partially-covered
Boston Scientific	Wallflex®	Nitinol	18/23-23/28	10-12-15	Partially and fully-covered
Boston Sientific	Polyflex®	Polyester	16/20-18/23	9-12-15	Plastic stent
Cook Endoscopy	Evolution®	Nitinol	20/25	8-10-12.5-15	Partially and fully-covered
Ella-CS	SX-ELLA® HV	Nitinol	20/25	8.5-11-13.5-15	Fully-covered with collar anti-migration system
Ella-CS	SX-ELLA® Flexella	Nitinol	20/25	8.5-11-13.5-15	Fully-covered Possibility of distal or proximal release Possibility of anti-reflux valve
Ella-CS	FerX-ELLA® Boubella	Stainless steel	20/25	9-10.5-12-13.5-15- 16.5-19.5-21	Fully-covered Possibility of anti-reflux valve
Ella-CS	SX-ELLA® Danis	Nitinol	25/30	13.5	Fully-covered (with balloon/specific for variceal bleeding)
Ella-CS	SX-ELLA® Danis Seal	Nitinol	25/30	13.5	Fully-covered (specific for leaks)
Ella-CS	Ella BD stent®	Biodegradable polymer	18/23-20/25-23/28-25/31	6-8-10-13.5	-
Endochoice	Bonastent® ER	Nitinol	18/24	6-8-10-12-14-16	Fully-covered Possibility of anti-reflux valve
M.I. Tech	Hanarostent®	Nitinol	18/24-20/26-22/28	8-9-10-11-12- 14-15-16-17	Partially and fully-covered Possibility of double covered configuration, anti-reflux valve and asymmetrical configuration
M.I. Tech	Hanarostent® ECBB	Nitinol	36-30-20-26	18-21-24	Fully-covered (Bariatric surgery)
Micro-Tech	MT® Esophageal stent	Nitinol	(Diameter central/ extremities) 18/24-20/26-22/28	8-10-12	Uncovered, partially and fully covered Possibility of anti-reflux valve and radioactive system
Micro-Tech	MT® Cardia stent	Nitinol	16/22-18/24-20/26-22/28-24/30	9-10-11-12-13	Partially and fully-covered
Micro-Tech	MT® Retrievable stent	Nitinol	14/20-16/22-18/24-20/26-22/28-24/30	7-8-9-10-11-12	Fully-covered
TaeWoong Medical	Beta-Stent Niti-S®	Nitinol	18/24-20/26-22/28	10-12-14-15-16-18-20	Fully-covered (Fistula after bariatric surgery)
TaeWoong Medical	Mega-Stent Niti-S®	Nitinol	18/24-20/26-22/28	10-12-14-15-16-18-20	Fully-covered (Stricures or fistula after sleeve gastrectomy)
TaeWoong Medical	Niti-S Conio®	Nitinol	10/12-12/14-14/16	6-8-10-12-14-15	Fully-covered (Hypopharyngeal strictures)
TaeWoong Medical	Niti-S Cervical®	Nitinol	16/18-18/20	6-8-10-12-14-15	Fully-covered (Upper esophageal strictures) Possibility of distal or proximal release
TaeWoong Medical	Niti-S®	Nitinol	16/24-18/26-20/28	6-8-10-12-14-15	Partially and fully-covered Possibility of distal or proximal release for over-the-wire stent Possibility of TTS 10.5 Fr delivery system
TaeWoong Medical	Niti-S® double layer	Nitinol	16/24-18/26-20/28	6-8-10-12-14-15	Fully-covered with additional uncovered nitinol mesh Possibility of distal or proximal release Possibility of anti-reflux valve

Table 2 Characteristics of the most commonly used duodenal stents

Producer	Model	Material	Diameter (mm) (body/flare)	Length (cm)	Type and characteristics
Boston Scientific	Wallstent®	Elgiloy	20/22	6-9	Uncovered
Boston Scientific	Wallflex®	Nitinol	22/27	6-9-12	Uncovered
Cook Endoscopy	Evolution®	Nitinol	22/27	6-9-12	Uncovered
Ella-CS	SX-ELLA® Eneterella	Nitinol	20-22-25 (no flare)	8.2-9-11.3-13.5	Uncovered
Endochoice	Bonastent® P	Nitinol	20	6-8-10	Uncovered
M.I. Tech	Hanarostent®	Nitinol	20/25-20/26	8-9-11-14	Uncovered and partially-covered
Micro-Tech	MT® Duodenal stent	Nitinol	20/26	6-8-10	Uncovered, partially and fully-covered
TaeWoong Medical	Niti-S® D-type unflared	Nitinol	18-20-22-24	6-8-10-12-14-15	Uncovered
TaeWoong Medical	Niti-S® S-type flared	Nitinol	18/26-20/28- 22/30-24/32- 26/34-28/36	6-8-10-12-14-15-16	Fully-covered
TaeWoong Medical	Niti-S® Comvi unflared	Nitinol	18-20-22	6-8-10-12	Partially-covered

Table 3 Characteristics of the most commonly used colo-rectal stents

Producer	Model	Material	Delivery system and diameter	Diameters (mm) (body/flares- flanges)	Length (cm)	Type and characteristics
Boston Scientific	WallFlex®	Nitinol	TTS, 10 Fr	25 (body)-30 (proximal flange) 22 (body)-27 (proximal flange)	6, 9, 12	Uncovered
Boston Scientific	Ultraflex precision®	Nitinol	OTW, 16 Fr	25 (body)-30 (proximal flange)	5.7, 8.7, 11.7	Uncovered
Boston Scientific	Wallstent®	Stainless steel	TTS, 10 Fr	20 (22/minimal to no flare)	6, 9, 12	Uncovered
Cook Endoscopy	Evolution®	Nitinol	TTS, 10 Fr	25 (body) 30 (both ends flanged)	6, 8, 10	Uncovered
EndoChoice	BONASTENT®	Nitinol	TTS, 10 Fr and 12 Fr	22, 24, 26 (minimal flare)	6, 8, 10	Uncovered and partially covered
Ella-CS	SX-ELLA® Enterella	Nitinol	TTS, 10 Fr	22, 25 (no flare)	7.5, 8, 9, 11, 13.5	Uncovered and fully covered
Ella-CS	SX-ELLA® Enterella	Nitinol	OTW, 15 Fr and 18Fr	22, 25, 30 (no flare)	8.2, 9, 11.3, 13.5	Uncovered and fully covered
Endochoice	Bonastent® C	Nitinol	TTS, 10 Fr	22, 24, 26	6-8-10	Uncovered and fully covered
Leufen Medizintechnik	Aixstent®	Nitinol	OTW, 24 Fr	30 (body)-36 (both ends flared)	8, 10	Uncovered and partially covered
Micro-Tech	MT® Colon and rectum stent	Nitinol	TTS, 10 Fr	25 (body)-30 (both ends flanged)	8, 10	Uncovered
Micro-Tech	MT® Colon and rectum stent	Nitinol	OTW, 24 Fr	30 (body)-36 (both ends flanged)	8, 10, 12	Uncovered and partially covered
Micro-Tech	MT® Rectum stent	Nitinol	OTW, 24 Fr	20, 26, 30 (body)-24, 21, 36 (both ends flanged)	6	Fully covered
M.I.Tech	Hanarostent®	Nitinol	TTS, 10.2 Fr and 10.5 Fr	20, 22, 24 (body)-26, 28, 30 (both ends flared) (flanged and symmetric and asymmetric)	6-16	Uncovered and fully covered
M.I.Tech	Hanarostent®	Nitinol	OTW, 24 Fr	20, 22, 24 (body)-26, 28, 30 (both ends flared) (flanged and symmetric and asymmetric)	6-16	Uncovered and fully covered
M.I.Tech	Choostent®	Nitinol	OTW, 24 Fr	22, 24 (body)-30, 32 (both ends flanged) (symmetric and asymmetric)	6-16	Fully covered
S&G Biotech	EGIS® colorectal	Nitinol	TTS, 10 Fr and 12 Fr	18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 (no flare)	6, 8, 10, 12	Uncovered and partially covered
Taewoong Medical	Niti-S® D-Type	Nitinol	TTS, 10.5 Fr	18, 20, 22, 24 (no flare)	6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15	Uncovered
Taewoong Medical	Niti-S® D-Type	Nitinol	OTW, 16 Fr and 18 Fr	18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 (no flare)	6, 8, 10, 12	Uncovered
Taewoong Medical	Niti-S® S-Type	Nitinol	TTS, 10.5 Fr	18, 20 (body)-24, 28 (both ends flanged)	6, 8, 10, 12	Fully covered
Taewoong Medical	Niti-S® S -Type	Nitinol	OTW, 16 Fr, 20 Fr and 22 Fr	18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 (body) 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34 (both ends flanged)	6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15	Fully covered
Taewoong Medical	ComVi Niti-S®	Nitinol	TTS, 10.5 Fr	18, 20, 22 (no flare)	6, 8, 10	Partially covered
Taewoong Medical	ComVi Niti-S®	Nitinol	OTW, 14 Fr, 16 Fr and 18 Fr	18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 (no flare)	6, 8, 10	Partially covered

TTS: Through the scope; OTW: Over the wire.

Table 4 Classification of dysphagia

Grade of dysphagia	Symptoms
0	No dysphagia
1	Occasional dysphagia for solid foods
2	Dysphagia for solid foods
3	Dysphagia for semi-solid food
4	Dysphagia for liquids

Table 5 Characteristic of “complex esophageal stenosis”

Length > 2 cm

Angulated

Irregular edges

Very low diameter