Endoscopic management for congenital esophageal stenosis: A systematic review

Table 1 Frequency of 3 categories of congenital esophageal stenosis

Ref.	FMT	TBR	MW	Total
Nihoul-Fékétéet asl[1] (1987)	10 (50.0%)	4 (20.0%)	6 (30.0%)	20
Takamizawa et al[8] (2002)	13 (36.1%)	15 (41.7%)	8 (22.2%)1	36
Michaud et al[9] (2013)	40 (65.6%)	16 (26.2%)	5 (8.2%)	61
Total	63 (53.8%)	35 (29.9%)	19 (16.2%)	117

¹Including cases of multiple web. FMT: Fibromuscular thickening; TBR: Tracheobronchial remnants; MW: Membranous web.

Table 2 Incidence rate of congenital esophageal stenosis among patients with esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula

Ref.	Cases	Incidence rate	Location of CES
			Middle	Lower
Holinger et al[76] (1963)	4/79	5.1%	0 (0%)	4 (100%)
Newman et al[80] (1997)	18/225	8.0%	NA	NA
Kawahara et al[81] (2001)	11/80	13.8%	2 (18%)	9 (82%)
Yoo et al[84] (2010)	22/187	11.8%	3 (14%)	19 (86%)
Total	55/571	9.6%	5 (13.5%)	32 (86.5%)

CES: Congenital esophageal stenosis.

Table 3 Incidence rate of esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula among patients with congenital esophageal stenosis

Ref.	Cases	Incidence rate	EA	EA + TEF	TEF
Bluestone et al[2] (1969)	0/24	0.0%	0	0	0
Nishina et al[77] (1981)	4/81	4.9%	0	3	1
Dominguez et al[78] (1985)	5/34	14.7%	0	5	0
Nihoul-Fékété et al[1] (1987)	2/20	10.0%	0	1	1
Yeung et al[79] (1992)	6/8	75.0%	1	4	1
Vasudevan et al[82] (2002)	4/6	66.7%	1	2	1
Takamizawa et al[8] (2002)	13/36	36.1%	0	13	0
Amae et al[83] (2003)	4/14	28.6%	0	4	0
Romeo et al[85] (2011)	15/47	31.9%	0	15	0
Michaud et al[9] (2013)	29/61	47.5%	0	29	0
Total	82/331	24.8%	2 (2.4%)	76 (92.7%)	4 (4.9%)

EA: Esophageal atresia; TEF: Tracheoesophageal fistula.

Table 4 Success rate of dilatation for congenital esophageal stenosis with/without case selection by endoscopic ultrasonography

Ref.	Case selection by EUS		Modality
	+	-
	Success rate
Takamizawa et al[8] (2002)	16/21 (76.2%)	-	BD
Romeo et al[85] (2011)	45/47 (95.7%)	-	BD
Nihoul-Fékété et al[1] (1987)	-	7/14 (50.0%)	BD or TD
Yeung et al[79] (1992)	-	0/7 (0.0%)	BD or TD
Kawahara et al[81] (2001)	-	2/9 (22.2%)	BD
Vasudevan et al[82] (2002)	-	3/7 (42.9%)	TD
Amae et al[83] (2003)	-	3/11 (27.3%)	BD or TD
Michaud et al[9] (2013)	-	13/49 (26.5%)	BD or TD
Total	611/68 (89.7%)	28/97 (28.9%)

BD: Balloon dilatator; TD: Tapered dilator; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasonography.

Table 5 Rate of perforation during dilatation of congenital esophageal stenosis

Ref.	Case selection by EUS		Modality
	+	-
	Rate of perforation
Takamizawa et al[8] (2002)	0/21 (0.0%)	-	BD
Romeo et al[85] (2011)	15/47 (10.6%)	-	BD
Nihoul-Fékété et al[1] (1987)	-	6/14 (42.9%)	BD or TD
Yeung et al[79] (1992)	-	1/7 (14.3%)	BD or TD
Newman et al[80] (1997)		3/18 (16.7%)	BD
Kawahara et al[81] (2001)	-	4/9 (44.4%)	BD
Amae et al[83] (2003)	-	1/11 (9.1%)	BD or TD
Fan et al[104] (2011)	-	1/8 (12.5%)	BD
Total	5/68 (7.4%)	16/67 (23.9%)

BD: Balloon dilatator; TD: Tapered dilator; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasonography.