New aspects of modern endoscopy

Table 1 High definition vs standard colonoscopy for the detection of colorectal adenomas

Ref.	Study design, study objective	Wide angle	No. of pts.	Adenoma detection rete	P value	Absolute increase	Relative increase
East et al[30]	Cohort	No	130	65	0.20	11%	18%
Pellisé et al[77]	Randomized	Yes	620	26	0.85	1%	4%
Burke et al[78]	Cohort	Yes	852	23	0.36		13%
Tribonias et al[79]	Randomized	Yes	390	54	0.16	8%	16%
Buchner et al[3]	Cohort	Yes	2430	27	0.01	4.2%	17%
Hoffman et al[4]	Randomized	No	220	38	0.001	25%	192%

Table 2 Vital stains in endoscopy

Stain	What is stained	Current use
Vital stains
Methylene blue	Small/large intestinal cells	Chronic ulcerative colitis
		Gastric intestinal metaplasia and early cancer gastric cancer
		Colon polyps/neoplasms
Lugol's iodine	Normal glycogen containing squamous cells	Oesophageal squamous cell cancer and dysplasia
Cresyl violet	Small and large intestine crypts	Colonic polyps/neoplasms
	Oesophagus and gastric mucosa	Barrett`s esophagus
		Early gastric cancers
Contrast stains
Indigo carmine	Cells are not stained, appearances caused by contrast pooling	Chronic ulcerative colitis
		Gastric intestinal metaplasia and early cancer gastric cancer
		Colon polyps/neoplasms
Acetic acid	Reversible interaction between the acetic acid and the cell structures	Barrett´s esopahus