Air embolism complicating gastrointestinal endoscopy: A systematic review

Table 1 Reported cases on air embolism complicated endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Case	Ref.	Age/sex	Risk factor(s)	Diagnosis	Outcome
1	Bisceglia et al[7]	78/male	Surgical gastroduodenal resection	Pulmonary air embolism	Dead
2	Rabe et al[12]	87/male	Metal stent placement	Cerebral air embolism	Survived
3	Rabe et al[12]	54/male	Billroth II operation, Metal stent placement	Cardiac air embolism	Dead
4	Jow et al[38]	65/male	Biliary duct stones/inflammation	Cardiac air embolism	Dead
5	Maccarone et al[1]	45/male	Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage	Cerebral air embolism	Survived
6	Siddiqui et al[37]	43/female	Biliary sphincterotomy, liver biopsy	Venous air embolism	Dead
7	Nayagam et al[39]	57/male	-	Cerebral air embolism	Dead
8	Kennedy et al[8]	63/female	Biliary sphincterotomy	Venous air embolism	Dead
9	Stabile et al[6]	65/male	Biliary sphincterotomy, PTC	Cerebral air embolism	Dead
10	Mohammedi et al[4]	27/male	Biliary sphincterotomy, blunt hepatic trauma	Cardiac air embolism	Survived
11	Romberg[40]	53/male	Biliary duct stones	Cardiac air embolism	Survived
12	Rangappa et al[41]	50/female	Biliary duct stones	Cerebral air embolism	Dead
13	Bechi et al[33]	79/female	Biliary sphincterotomy	Cerebral air embolism	Survived
14	Goins et al[16]	72/female	Cholangiocarcinoma	Cerebral air embolism	Survived
15	Cha et al[42]	50/female	Biliary duct stones, liver abscesses, choledochoduodenostomy	Cardiac air embolism	Dead
16	Di Pisa et al[13]	8/male	Splenomesenteric portal shunt	Venous air embolism	Survived
17	Giuly et al[43]	60/female	Biliary sphincterotomy, choledochal varices	Venous air embolism	Survived
18	van Boxel et al[44]	82/male	-	Cerebral air embolism	Survived
19	Tan et al[45]	82/female	Metal stent placement	Cerebral air embolism	Dead
20	Nern et al[46]	58/female	Cholangiocarcinoma	Cerebral air embolism	Dead
21	Simmons[47]	Not available	Biliary sphincterotomy	Venous air embolism	Survived
22	Merine et al[48]	39/female	Biliary sphincterotomy	Venous air embolism	Survived
23	Barthet et al[49]	31/male	Biliary sphincterotomy	Venous air embolism	Survived
24	Efthymiou et al[11]	62/female	Cholangioscopy	Cerebral air embolism	Survived
25	Our case[50]	66/male	Metal stent placement	Cerebral air embolism	Dead
26	Our case[50]	51/female	Status post Whipple’s operation	Spinal air embolism	Survived

PTC: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.