Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for patients aged ninety and older with choledocholithiasis: A single-center experience in south China

Table 1 Baseline data of patients with choledocholithiasis in the case and control groups before and after matching, n (%)

Baseline information	Before matching, case group (n = 45)	Before matching, control group (n = 383)	Before matching, P value	After matching, case group (n = 44)	After matching, control group (n = 44)	After matching, P value
Age1	92 (91, 94)	78 (73, 83)	< 0.001	92 (91, 94)	78.5 (72.25, 82)	< 0.001
Sex, male/female	14/31	185/198	0.029	14/30	16/28	0.688
Emergency ERCP	15 (33.3)	105 (27.4)	0.403	14 (31.8)	13 (29.5)	1.000
Accompanying underlying disease	37 (82.2)	296 (77.3)	0.451	36 (81.8)	29 (65.9)	0.189
Hypertension	30 (66.7)	254 (66.3)	0.963	29 (65.9)	25 (56.8)	0.523
Diabetes mellitus	5 (11.1)	94 (24.5)	0.043	5 (11.4)	7 (15.9)	0.774
Coronary heart disease	15 (33.3)	93 (24.3)	0.186	15 (34.1)	10 (22.7)	0.332
History of stroke	16 (35.6)	62 (16.2)	0.001	15 (34.1)	3 (6.8)	0.008
Alzheimer’s disease	1 (2.2)	7 (1.8)	0.592	1 (2.3)	0 (0)	1.000
≥ 2 underlying diseases	21 (46.7)	157 (41)	0.465	20 (45.5)	13 (29.5)	0.189
Comorbidities
History of malignant tumours of the biliopancreatic system	2 (4.4)	7 (1.8)	0.242	2 (4.5)	0 (0)	0.500
History of malignant tumours of the non-biliopancreatic system	2 (4.4)	37 (9.7)	0.381	2 (4.5)	2 (4.5)	1.000
Intrahepatic bile duct stones	8 (17.8)	22 (5.7)	0.007	8 (18.2)	8 (18.2)	1.000
Asymptomatic choledocholithiasis	3 (6.7)	3 (0.8)	0.017	3 (6.8)	0 (0)	0.250
Obstructive jaundice without cholangitis	0 (0)	16 (4.2)	0.326	0 (0)	1 (2.3)	1.000
Choledochal stones without cholangitis	4 (8.9)	64 (16.7)	0.175	4 (9.1)	8 (18.2)	0.344
Pancreatitis	10 (22.2)	68 (17.8)	0.463	10 (22.7)	6 (13.6)	0.388
Gallbladder stones	26 (57.8)	270 (70.5)	0.081	26 (59.1)	23 (52.3)	0.607
Acute cholangitis	41 (91.1)	316 (82.5)	0.142	40 (90.9)	35 (79.5)	0.227
Mild cholangitis	1 (2.2)	67 (17.5)	0.008	1 (2.3)	5 (11.4)	0.219
Moderate cholangitis	33 (73.3)	211 (55.1)	0.019	32 (72.7)	27 (61.4)	0.359
Severe cholangitis	7 (15.6)	38 (9.9)	0.364	7 (15.9)	3 (6.8)	0.344
History of cholecystectomy	6 (13.3)	47 (12.3)	0.838	6 (13.6)	11 (25)	0.267
Anticoagulant or antiplatelet drug use	12 (26.7)	68 (17.8)	0.147	12 (27.3)	5 (11.4)	0.092
Number of stones1	2 (1, 3)	1 (1, 2)	0.093	1.5 (1, 2.75)	1 (1, 2)	0.705
Maximum stone diameter1	12 (8.5, 18)	10 (5.7, 15)	0.045	12 (8.25, 18)	12 (9.25, 15)	0.416
Large stones (≥ 10 mm)	32 (71.1)	223 (58.2)	0.096	31 (70.5)	33 (75)	0.804
Multiple stones (≥ 2)	23 (51.1)	144 (37.6)	0.079	22 (50)	17 (38.6)	0.441
Multiple large stones	17 (37.8)	78 (20.4)	0.008	16 (36.4)	10 (22.7)	0.180
Largest diameter of common bile duct1	18 (14.5, 22)	15 (12, 20)	0.017	18 (14.25, 22)	16 (14, 20.75)	0.222
Dilated common bile duct (≥ 10 mm)	43 (95.6)	349 (91.1)	0.466	42 (95.5)	44 (100)	0.500
Peripapillary diverticulum	22 (48.9)	161 (42)	0.379	21 (47.7)	18 (40.9)	0.629
ASA status rating (3 or 4)	44 (97.8)	212 (55.4)	< 0.001	43 (97.7)	17 (38.6)	< 0.001

¹Evaluation of the statistical significance of non-normally distributed measures in the data before and after matching was based on the Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed rank test, expressed as M (P25, P75).

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; ASA: American society of anesthesiology physical status classification system.

Table 2 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures in patients with choledocholithiasis in the case and control groups, n (%)

	Case group (n = 44)	Control group (n = 44)	P value
Successful intubation	41 (93.2)	41 (93.2)	1.000
Stone removal	29 (65.9)	36 (81.8)	0.118
Incomplete stone removal	12 (27.3)	5 (11.4)	0.092
General anaesthesia	4 (9.1)	0 (0)	0.125
Laryngeal surface anaesthesia	40 (90.9)	44 (100)	0.125
Sphincter of Oddi preincision	7 (15.9)	6 (13.6)	1.000
Previous EST	7 (15.9)	11 (25)	0.424
Intraoperative EST	31 (70.5)	28 (63.6)	0.629
EPBD	27 (61.4)	8 (18.2)	< 0.001
Mesh basket lithotripsy	18 (40.9)	19 (43.2)	1.000
Mechanical lithotripsy	28 (63.6)	26 (59.1)	0.832
ENBD	38 (86.4)	34 (77.3)	0.424
ERBD	3 (6.8)	2 (4.5)	1.000
The average times of ERCP procedures required for stone removal1	1.5 (1, 2)	2 (1, 3)	0.204
One ERCP for stone removal	16 (36.4)	16 (36.4)	1.000
Two ERCPs for stone removal	11 (25)	15 (34.1)	0.503
Three ERCPs for stone removal	3 (6.8)	5 (11.4)	0.688
Number of days in hospital1	15 (11.25, 23.75)	14.5 (9.25, 20.75)	0.815

¹Evaluation of the statistical significance of non-normally distributed measures in the data before and after matching was based on the Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed rank test, expressed as M (P25, P75).

EST: Endoscopic sphincterotomy; EPBD: Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation; ENBD: Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage; ERBD: Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

Table 3 Complication rates in patients with choledocholithiasis in the case and control groups, n (%)

	Case group (n = 44)	Control group (n = 44)	P value
Postoperative pancreatitis	2 (4.5)	2 (4.5)	1.000
Hyperamylasemia	8 (18.2)	6 (13.6)	0.727
Infection	5 (11.4)	2 (4.5)	0.375
Bleeding	1 (2.3)	1 (2.3)	1.000
Digestive tract perforation	1 (2.3)	0 (0)	1.000
Heart failure	2 (4.5)	2 (4.5)	1.000
Cardiac infarction	0 (0)	2 (4.5)	0.500
Device entrapment	1 (2.3)	0 (0)	1.000
Death	3 (6.8)	0 (0)	0.250