Candy cane syndrome: A systematic review

Table 1 Studies reporting candy cane syndrome from May 2007 to January 2023

Ref.	Type of study	n of patients	Symptoms	Timing of symptoms	Specific test	Management	Improvement rate	Complications
Dallal et al[4], 2007	Case series	3	AP, N/V, GERD	3 wk, 1 year, 3 years	UGS, endoscopy	Surgical resection	1	None
Romero-Mejía et al[28], 2010	Case report	1	AP	2 years	UGS, endoscopy	Surgical resection	1	None
Biju et al[29], 2012	Case report	1	AP, N/V, GERD	9 years	Endoscopy, UGS	Surgical resection	1	None
Razjouyan et al[9], 2015	Case report	1	Dysphagia	2 mo	UGS, endoscopy	Endoscopic dilation	0	None
Aryaie et al[20], 2017	Retrospective	19	AP, N/V	3-11 years	UGS, endoscopy	Surgical resection	0.94	1 biliary leak
Marti Fernandez et al[30], 2017	Case report	1	AP	Not mentioned	UGS, endoscopy	Surgical resection	1	None
Granata et al[17], 2019	Case report	1	N/V, AP	1 year	UGS, endoscopy	Endoscopic suture	1	None
Khan et al[15], 2018	Case series	3	AP, N/V	1 year	UGS, endoscopy, CT	Surgical resection	1	None
Kommunuri et al[21], 2018	Case report	1	N/V, AP	6 years	UGS, endoscopy	Surgical pouch	1	None
Frieder et al[23], 2019	Retrospective	26	AP, N/V, GERD	10 years	Not mentioned	Surgical resection	0.92	1 leak
Cartillone et al[31], 2020	Case report	1	AP, D, Vasomotor	5 years	CT	Surgical resection	1	None
Kamocka et al[16], 2020	Retrospective	28	AP, N/V, GERD	Not mentioned	CT, endoscopy, UGS	Surgical resection	0.73	3 Infections, 1 anastomosis ulcer, 1 enterotomy, 1 hematoma
Cobb and Banki[25], 2020	Case report	1	Dysphagia, regurgitation	1 year	UGS, CT, endoscopy	Surgical resection1	1	None
Wundsam et al[18], 2020	Case series	4	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Endoscopic LAMS	1	None
Acín-Gándara and Ruiz-Úcar [22], 2021	Case report	1	Dysphagia, GERD, AP	Not mentioned	Endoscopy, UGS	Surgical resection	1	Pneumonia, hepatic infarction
Greenberg et al[19], 2021	Case report	1	AP, N/V, GERD	8 years	Endoscopy, UGS	Endoscopic suture	1	None
Rio-Tinto et al[6], 2022	Prospective	14	AP, N/V	Not mentioned	Endoscopy, UGS	Endoscopic marsupialization	1	None
Rio-Tinto et al[7], 2022	Case report	1	AP, N/V	24 mo	Endoscopy, UGS	Endoscopic marsupialization	1	None
Shamia et al[32], 2022	Retrospective	25	AP, N/V, GERD	Not mentioned	Endoscopy	Surgical resection	0.84	Not mentioned
Ouazzani et al[26], 2023	Case report	1	N/V, GERD	40 years	Endoscopy, UGS	Endoscopic LAMS	1	None
Prakash et al[24], 2023	Case report	1	GERD	15 years	Endoscopy, UGS	Surgical resection	1	None

¹Thoracoscopy.

AP: Abdominal pain; N/V: Nausea/vomiting; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; UGS: Upper gastrointestinal series; CT: Computed tomography.