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©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Gastrointest Endosc. Apr 16, 2023; 15(4): 195-215
Published online Apr 16, 2023. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v15.i4.195
Published online Apr 16, 2023. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v15.i4.195
Table 1 Types of stents
Types of stents | Appropriate indications | Pros | Cons |
Uncovered SEMS | Poor survival | Low risk of migration | High risk of tumor ingrowth |
High risk of migration | Difficult removal | ||
Gastroduodenal obstruction | |||
Partially covered SEMS | Risk of migration | Difficult removal | |
Fully covered SEMS | Risk of tumor in growth | Safe and easy removal | High risk of migration |
Temporary measure | Low risk of tumor in growth | ||
SEPS | Temporary measure | Safe and easy removal | Complex and stiff stent introducer |
Esophageal stricture | No tumor in growth | High risk of stent failure |
Table 2 Common complications of esophageal stents
Early complications | Long-term complications |
Pain | Occlusion |
Migration | Gastroesophageal reflux |
Expansion/deployment failure | Dysphagia |
Mispositioning | Fistula formation |
Bleeding | Bleeding |
Table 3 Complications of gastroduodenal stents
Early complications | Long-term complications |
Migration | Migration |
Obstruction | Perforation |
Biliary obstruction | Obstruction |
Perforation | Fistula formation |
Bleeding | Stent fracture |
Mispositioning | None |
Table 4 Common applications of stent placement in the large intestine
Common applications |
Colorectal carcinoma and bowel obstruction |
In non-operative candidates |
Bowel obstruction |
In non-operative candidates |
Local postoperative neoplastic recurrence |
Preoperative decompression in obstructing resectable colorectal carcinoma (bridge-to-surgery) |
Relief of large bowel obstruction from extracolonic malignancy, pelvic mass or peritoneal carcinomatosis |
Malignant colorectal fistula, e.g., to the urinary bladder or vagina |
Postoperative anastomotic leakage |
Fistula formation |
Table 5 Complications of colon stents
Early complications | Long-term complications |
Technical failure (malpositioning or incomplete expansion) | Stent migration |
Stent misplacement/failed relief of obstruction | Obstruction recurrence |
Bleeding | Chemotherapy-related perforation |
Stent migration | Fistula formation |
Pelvic or rectal pain | Bleeding |
Ischemia |
- Citation: Moutzoukis M, Argyriou K, Kapsoritakis A, Christodoulou D. Endoscopic luminal stenting: Current applications and future perspectives. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2023; 15(4): 195-215
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5190/full/v15/i4/195.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v15.i4.195