Role of endoscopic ultrasound in vascular interventions: Where are we now?

Table 1 Comparison of the main studies reporting data of endoscopic ultrasound guided treatments for gastric varices

Ref.	Study design	Number of patients	Technical success	Clinical success	Adverse events
Romero-Castro et al[30], 2013	Retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database	30 total patients, 11 ECA, 19 CYA	27/30 (90%)	18/19 (96.7%) CYA; 10/11 (90.9%) ECA	40% total AEs; CYA 11/19 (57.9%); ECA 1/11 (9.1%)
Lôbo et al[17], 2019	Randomized Controlled Trial	32 total patients; 16 ECA + CYA, 16 CYA	-	-	Early AEs: 8 (50%) ECA + CYA; 10 (62.5%) CYA. Pulmonary embolism: 4 (25%) ECA + CYA; 8 (50%) CYA
Robles-Medranda et al[29], 2019	Randomized Controlled Trial	60 total patients, 30 ECA + CYA; 30 ECA	60/60 (100%) in both groups	ECA + CYA 30/30 (100%), ECA 27/30 (90%)	ECA + CYA 2/30 (6.7%); ECA 1/30 (3.3%)
Bazarbashi et al[16], 2020	Prospective Study	40 total patients; 10 ECA, 30 CYA	10/10 (100%) ECA; 29/30 (96.7%) CYA	10/10 (100%) ECA; 26/30 (87%) CYA	10% ECA; 20% CYA

ECA: Endoscopic coil application; CYA: Cyanoacrylate; AE: Adverse event.

Table 2 Case reports on endoscopic ultrasound-guided treatment of pseudoaneurysms

Ref.	Design	Technical success (%)	Adverse events	Recurrence	Needle size	Treatment
Robb et al[61], 2012	Case Report	100	None	None after 5 mo follow-up	19G	Psuedoaneurysm embolization
Gamanagatti et al[62], 2015	Case Report	100	None	Recurrence; asymptomatic	22G	Thrombin injection 300-500 units
Mann et al[27], 2017	Case Report	100	Not reported	None after 2 wk follow-up	19G	5 coils of 10 mm size were placed, 3000 units of thrombin injected
Jhajharia et al[63], 2018	Case Report	100	Not reported	None in all three patients	Not reported	1000 units of thrombin
Gunjan et al[63], 2018	Case Report	100	Not reported	None after 9 mo follow-up	19G	3 mL of undiluted N-butyl-cyanoacrylate
Sharma et al[65], 2019	Case Report	100	None	Full obliteration on 2-wk follow-up	19G	Five 10 mm coils placed, 6 mL of 3000 units of thrombin injected in six boluses of 500 units each

G: Gauge.

Table 3 Table summarizing technical features, success, and complications of studies on portal vein pressure gradient measurement

Ref.	Design	Technical success (%)	Adverse events	Post-procedural necropsy	Gauge needle used
Lai et al[51], 2004	Comparative Study - Animal Model	90	Subserosal hematoma in one porcine subject	After 4 d	22
Giday et al[52], 2007	Comparative Study - Animal Model	100	None	Day 0 and after 2 wk	19
Buscaglia et al[66], 2008	Comparative Study - Animal Model	100	None	Postprocedural	19
Huang et al[67], 2016	Comparative Study - Animal Model	100	None	Not reported	25
Schulman et al[68], 2016	Comparative Study - Animal Model	100	None	Postprocedural	25
Garg and Rustagi[48], 2017	Human Pilot Study	100	None	Not reported	25
Garg and Rustagi[48], 2017	Human Pilot Study	100	None	Occured on day 0, 1 and 7	25
Huang et al[69], 2017	Human Pilot Study	100	None	Not reported	25
Zhang et al[46], 2021	Prospective Study	91.70	None	Not reported	22

Table 4 Table summarizing studies and case reports of portal vein thrombus biopsy

Ref.	Design	Technical success (%)	Adverse events	Upstaging post EUS-FNA	Cytological analysis
Gimeno Garcia et al[54], 2018	Multicenter Study	87.50	None	85.70%	Used to determine final diagnosis
Rustagi et al[70], 2017	Prospective Study	100	None	37.50%	Malignant cytology in 12 patients out of 17 (70.6%; 10 positive, 2 suspicious)
Kayar et al[53], 2015	Case Report	100	None	Not reported	Invasion of PV by HCC
Moreno et al[71], 2014	Case Report	100	None	Not reported	Invasion of PV by HCC
Michael et al[72], 2011	Case Report	100	None	Not reported	Malignant cells consistent with poorly differentiated HCC

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; PV: Portal vein; FNA: Fine needle aspiration.