Role of endoscopy in acute gastrointestinal bleeding in real clinical practice: An evidence-based review

Table 1 Causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Common causes	Other causes
Peptic ulcer disease (gastric or duodenal)	Hemosuccus pancreaticus
Gastric or esophageal varices	Cameron lesions
Erosive esophagitis	Hemobilia
Upper gastrointestinal tumors	Aortoenteric fistula
Upper gastrointestinal angioectasias	Anastomotic bleeding
Mallory-Weiss tear	Arteriovenous malformation
Gastric or duodenal erosions	Acute esophageal necrosis
Dieulafoy lesion	Atrial-esophageal fistula
	Gastric antral vascular ectasia

Data from references[109,110].

Table 2 Causes of acute small bowel and lower gastrointestinal bleeding by category

Type	Causes
Anatomic	Diverticulosis, including Meckel’s diverticulum
	NSAID-induced enterocolopathy
	Antiplatelet or anticoagulant-induced enterocolopathy
	Stercoral ulceration (solitary rectal ulcer syndrome)
	Anal fissure
Vascular	Ischemic colitis
	Hemorrhoids
	Angiodysplasias (Angioectasias)
	Colorectal varices
	Postpolypectomy bleeding
	Radiation telangiectasia or proctitis
	Dieulafoy’s lesion
Neoplastic	Colorectal polyps
	Colorectal and anal cancers
	Small bowel tumors, including gastrointestinal stromal tumor
	Metastatic or direct invasion from other cancer
Inflammatory	Inflammatory bowel disease
	Infectious colitis

Data from references[111-113]. NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.