Evaluating the risk of adverse events with interventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound procedures in cirrhotic patients

Table 1 Summary of patient demographics

	n = 77
Average age (yr)	58.7
Sex, n (%)
Male	45 (58.4)
Female	32 (41.6)
Race, n (%)
Hispanic	56 (72.7)
Asian	8 (10.4)
Caucasian	4 (5.2)
African-American	5 (6.5)
Not stated	4 (5.2)
Average MELD-Na	14
Childs-Pugh Class, n (%)
A	31 (40.3)
B	34 (44.2)
C	11 (14.3)
Unreported	1 (1.3)
Etiology for cirrhosis, n (%)
Pyogenic cholangitis	13 (16.9)
NASH	14 (18.2)
Malignancy	7 (9.1)
Alcoholism	28 (36.4)
Hepatitis B virus	10 (13)
Hepatitis C virus	9 (11.7)
PBC/PSC	2 (2.6)
Autoimmune hepatitis	3 (3.9)
Cryptogenic/unknown	11 (14.3)

Of note, each procedure was treated as a unique individual; as such, n = 77. NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; PBC: Primary biliary cirrhosis; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Table 2 Summary of included procedures and procedure-related complications

	n = 77
Procedure type, n (%)
EUS-guided FNA/FNB/liver biopsy	14 (16.9)
ERCP	63 (74)
Indication for procedure, n (%)
Biliary stricture	12 (15.6)
Biliary leak	11 (14.3)
Choledocholithiasis	38 (49.4)
Cholelithiasis	8 (10.4)
Cholangitis	4 (5.2)
Gallstone pancreatitis	3 (3.9)
Obstruction secondary to mass	8 (10.4)
Obstruction secondary to stent issue	1 (1.3)
CBD dilatation w/o known mass	1 (1.3)
Biopsy of mass	12 (15.6)
Liver biopsy	3 (3.9)
Interventions employed, n (%)
Stone removal	38 (49.3)
Stent placement/removal	53 (68.8)
Sphincterotomy	22 (28.5)
FNA/FNB	10 (13)
Liver biopsy	3 (3.9)
Spyglass cholangioscopy	24 (31.2)
EHL	13 (16.9)
Laser lithotripsy	5 (6.5)
Needle-knife papillotomy	6 (7.8)
Complications, n (%)
Infection	5 (6.5)
Gastrointestinal bleeding	6 (7.8)
Bile leak	1 (1.3)
Pancreatitis	0 (0)

EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; FNA/FNB: Fine needle aspiration/biopsy; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; CBD: Common bile duct; EHL: Electrohydraulic lithotripsy.