Role of balloon enteroscopy for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding in those with surgically altered anatomy: A systematic review

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is defined as persistent bleeding despite negative evaluation with both esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy and can be secondary to small intestinal pathology. Standard endoscopy as well as push endoscopy can be a challenge in those with altered anatomy given inaccessible areas as well as perforation risk. Single and double balloon enteroscopy can be warranted in this patient population in instances of obscure GI bleed.

AIM

To assess the safety and diagnostic efficacy of balloon enteroscopy for obscure GI bleeding in patients with surgically altered anatomy.

METHODS

A search was conducted through PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase with the key words “enteroscopy,” “obscure bleeding,” and “altered anatomy,” to identify relevant articles in English with no restricted time frame. A search within the Reference Citation Analysis database was conducted to ensure inclusion of the latest high impact articles. Study types included in the review were prospective and retrospective reviews, case series, and case reports. The reference lists of these papers were also reviewed to find further papers that were applicable. The authors extracted the data from the studies that fit inclusion criteria. Data of interest included type of study, type of procedure, and type of altered anatomy, as well as the number of patients with any diagnostic or therapeutic intervention. Data was also recorded on procedure tolerance and complications. The data was analyzed with descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

Our literature search yielded 14 studies that were included. There were 68 procedures performed with 61 unique patients subjected to these procedures. Forty-four (65%) of the procedures were double balloon, 21 (31%) were single balloon, and 3 (4%) were classified as through the scope balloon assisted. The most common altered anatomy types included Gastric Bypass Roux-en-Y, Pylorus Sparing Whipple, Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Roux-en-Y, and Gastrojejunostomy Roux-en-Y. The procedures were successfully performed in each patient. There were 5 (7%) procedures that were complicated by perforation. Amongst the available data, the diagnostic yield was 48/59 (81%) and a therapeutic yield of 39/59 (66%). One patient was recommended surgical revision of their altered anatomy following enteroscopy.

CONCLUSION

Balloon enteroscopy is a useful diagnostic modality in investigating obscure GI bleeding within those with surgically altered anatomy; however, precautions must be taken as this population may have increased perforation risk.

Key Words: Altered anatomy; Single balloon enteroscopy; Double balloon enteroscopy; Obscure; Bleed; Gastrointestinal

Core Tip: Balloon enteroscopy is often warranted in patients with surgically altered anatomy who suffer from obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Data remain limited on the clinical utility of single or double balloon enteroscopy in those with altered anatomy. The primary aim of this systematic review was to assess the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy of balloon enteroscopy for obscure GI bleeding in patients with surgically altered anatomy. The secondary aim was to investigate the safety of balloon enteroscopy in this patient population.

INTRODUCTION

Obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is defined as persistent bleeding despite negative evaluation with both esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy. Most obscure GI bleeding can be secondary to small intestinal pathology and has now become manageable with the introduction of single balloon enteroscopy (SBE) or double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) in 2001[1]. The overall diagnostic utility of DBE has ranged from 59%-90%[2-5]. In patients with surgically altered anatomy, endoscopic procedures may be challenging. Given distortion of native anatomy, areas that may have been accessible with standard endoscopy may be inaccessible or difficult to reach. In such instances, anastomotic areas remain at risk for perforation especially when larger diameter endoscopes are inserted at longer lengths. Deep enteroscopy can also be implemented to access sites unreachable by standard endoscopy[6]. Those with distorted anatomy may require thorough investigation of the upper GI tract in instances such as refractory abdominal pain or obscure GI bleeding. Balloon enteroscopy can be warranted in such cases where standard and push endoscopy are unrevealing.

SBE and DBE have been shown to be effective in patients with surgically altered anatomy in regards to endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERCP) and biliary complications. However, there remains limited information regarding management of obscure GI bleeding in patients with surgically altered anatomy. This systematic review aims to assess the overall safety and diagnostic efficacy of balloon enteroscopy for obscure GI bleeding in patients with surgically altered anatomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Literature search

Data for this review was identified and performed by two independent reviewers (MA, TC) with consensus to avoid bias. Discrepancies and the decision over whether to include or exclude a study were resolved by means of discussion with consensus to avoid bias. Searches were done on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase. All relevant articles were carefully reviewed with a review of each article’s references as well. Terms used for the search included “enteroscopy,” “obscure bleeding,” “gastrointestinal bleeding,” and “altered anatomy.” The literature search was performed in December 2021. Study types included in the review were prospective and retrospective reviews, case series, and case reports. Reference lists from these articles were also reviewed to find pertinent articles. Inclusion criteria for our systematic review included studies that were subjected to peer review and had available text in English. Only studies accessible through the search engines listed above were included in our review. Solitary abstract reports were excluded from our study in addition to any studies performed on animals. Studies that were not subject to peer review or were of pediatric focus (< 18 years) were also excluded from the study. A specific PRISMA flow diagram is included in Figure 1 to summarize our search methods. A further literature search was conducted with the reference citation analysis (RCA) engine, an artificial intelligence technology-based open multidisciplinary citation analysis database (https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com). This database was implemented to ensure the latest high impact articles were included in our study. Following a search of “balloon enteroscopy” within the RCA database no further studies were identified that fit our inclusion criteria.

Figure 1  Prisma diagram of literature review.

Data from each study were extracted into an excel file in a systematic fashion. Extracted data included type of study, type of procedure, and type of altered anatomy, as well as the number of patients with any diagnostic findings or therapeutic intervention. Data were also recorded on procedure tolerance and complications. Due to the lack of controlled trials, retrospective and prospective observational studies were also included, as were case reports. We considered all clinical studies or reports that had been published until December 2019. As the current work only involved previously performed studies, approval by the Institutional Review Board or individual patient consent was deemed unnecessary.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis in the form of descriptive statistics was reported from each study. This data was organized and included in a structured table (Table 1).

Table 1 Overview of literature on balloon enteroscopy for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding in those with altered anatomy.

Cases (n-patients)	Anatomy	Device	Study type	Yield	Complications	Ref.
17 (12)	8 GBR, 6 PSW, 2 OLTR, 1 GJR	DBE	Retrospective	15/17 diagnostic; 14/17 therapeutic	1/17 perforation	[7]
3 (3)	Not specified	TTS-BAE	Retrospective	1/3 diagnostic; 1/3 therapeutic	None	[8]
3 (3)	1 OLTR, 1 Ileal-sigmoid anastomosis, 1 right hemicolectomy with ileostomy	DBE	Retrospective	3/3 diagnostic; 0/3 therapeutic	3/3 perforation	[9]
15 (15)	Not specified	SBE	Retrospective	8/15 diagnostic; 5/15 therapeutic	None	[10]
3 (1)	Most OLTR	DBE	Retrospective	3/3 diagnostic; 1/3 therapeutic	None	[11]
5 (5)	Not specified	DBE	Retrospective	5/5 diagnostic; 5/5 therapeutic	None	[12]
9 (9)	Not specified	DBE	Prospective	Does not specify	1/9 perforation	[13]
3 (3)	3 GBR	DBE	Prospective	3/3 diagnostic; 3/3 therapeutic	None	[14]
5 (5)	2 HJ, 1 PSW, 1 GBR, 1 right hemihepatectomy w/RYHJ	3 DBE 2 SBE	Case Series	5/5 diagnostic; 5/5 therapeutic	None	[15]
1 (1)	OLTR	SBE	Case Report	1/1 diagnostic; 1/1 therapeutic	None	[16]
1 (1)	HJ	SBE	Case Report	1/1 diagnostic; 1/1 therapeutic	None	[17]
1 (1)	Whipple	DBE	Case Report	1/1 diagnostic; 1/1 therapeutic	None	[18]
1 (1)	GBR	SBE	Case Report	1/1 diagnostic; 1/1 therapeutic	None	[19]
1 (1)	OLT	SBE	Case Report	1/1 diagnostic; 1/1 therapeutic	None	[20]

TTS-BAE: Through the scope balloon assisted enteroscopy; GBR:Gastric bypass Roux-en-Y; PSW: Pylorus sparing Whipple; OLTR: Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Roux-en-Y; OLT: Orthotopic Liver Transplantation; GJR: Gastrojejunostomy Roux-en-Y; HJ: Hepaticojejunostomy; RYHJ: Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy.

RESULTS

Following the search of these databases, 14 studies in total were included in our review. Of these studies, 6 were retrospective studies[7-12], 2 were prospective studies[13,14], 1 was a case series[15], and the remaining 5 were case reports[16-20]. In total, there were 68 procedures performed with 61 unique patients that had undergone these procedures. All patients were above the age 17 years old at the time of procedure. Forty-four (65%) of the procedures were double balloon, 21 (31%) were single balloon, and 3 (4%) were classified as through the scope balloon assisted. There were a variety of altered anatomy types with the most common being Gastric bypass Roux-en-Y (GBR), Pylorus sparing Whipple (PSW), Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Roux-en-Y (OLTR), and Gastrojejunostomy Roux-en-Y (GJR).

The procedures (SBE vs DBE) were performed in all patients; however, five (7%) procedures were complicated by perforation. There were no reported complications in the remaining 63 (93%) patients. Amongst the 5 reported procedure related perforations, 2 (40%) patients had a Roux-en-Y. The remaining 3 patients consisted of an ileal-sigmoid anastomosis, a right hemicolectomy with ileostomy, and an unspecified altered anatomy type. From the available data in each study, there was an overall diagnostic yield of 48/59 (81%) and a therapeutic yield of 39/59 (66%). Common diagnostic findings included ulcers (Figure 2A), arteriovenous malformations, angioectasia, anastomotic site bleeding (Figure 2B), and other post-surgical bleeding (Figure 2C). Therapeutic interventions consisted of argon plasma coagulation (APC), endoscopic clip placement, epinephrine injection, and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) injection. There was 1 patient who was recommended surgical revision of their altered anatomy following enteroscopy.

Figure 2 Balloon enteroscopy. A: Endoscopic depiction of a bleeding duodenal ulcer undergoing thermal therapy in a post RYGB patient; B: Visualization of anastomotic neovascularization and bleeding in a patient with hepaticojejunostomy; C: Illustration of intraluminal bleeding in a patient following pancreatojejunostomy at the surgically altered site.

DISCUSSION

Obscure GI bleeding accounts for 5% of all GI bleeds with the culprit most often being small bowel origin[21]. Balloon enteroscopy has been implemented to assess for obscure GI bleeding and can be performed through different approaches. SBE utilizes an enteroscope (200 cm in length) with an overtube (140 cm in length) and balloon inflation device. DBE on the other hand has the same enteroscope and overtube but consists of two balloons: one at the tip of the enteroscope and the other acting as an anchoring leverage on the distal part of the overtube. These procedures can be performed anterograde (through the mouth) or retrograde (through the anus)[21].

Despite the differences in the devices, the techniques for these procedures are similar. The overtube is backloaded on the enteroscope after which the enteroscope is advanced deeply into the small intestine. Anchoring of the endoscope is secured by the balloon tip on the enteroscope in DBE vs the flexible tip with no balloon assisted anchoring in SBE. The overtube with its deflated balloon is advanced all the way to the distal tip of the enteroscope. Once the overtube has reached the distal end of the enteroscope, a stepwise pattern of inflation and deflation of the single vs double balloon apparatus is used to assist enteroscope transit in visualizing the area of small bowel[21,22].

The SBE model frequently utilized is the Olympus SIF-Q180 with an outer diameter of 13.2 mm, inner diameter of 11 mm, and balloon diameter of 40mm. DBE models are developed by Fujinon and consist of the EN-450T5, EN-450PS/20, and the EC-450BI5 with outer diameter ranging from 12.2-13.2 mm, inner diameter ranging from 10-10.8 mm, and balloon diameter being 40 mm[23].

Obscure GI bleeding has been estimated to account for 5%-10% of all GI bleeding, with increasing number of patients requiring balloon enteroscopy for small bowel evaluation[24]. The diagnostic yield of balloon enteroscopy amongst those without altered anatomy has been reported around 45%-55%[21,25]. Adverse rates are overall low at 3.2% with most common complications including intestinal bleeding, perforation, or post-procedure pancreatitis[26,27]. With the emerging surgical techniques for various GI pathologies, surgically altered GI anatomy remains prevalent. The obesity epidemic in the United States has led to increased referrals to bariatric surgeries. Additionally, the advancements in liver transplant (LT) have led to increasing number of patients receiving LT over the past several years[28]. Given their surgically altered GI anatomy, these patients remain at risk for GI bleeding. Furthermore, the management of these patients may be complicated by surgical anastomotic sites often serving as culprits of obscure GI bleeding[7,17,18]. These patients may require work up leading to SBE or DBE for underlying diagnosis.

Besides a substantial diagnostic yield, therapeutic interventions can be effectively achieved using the enteroscope channel. Balloon enteroscopy allows the endoscopist to safely deploy and advance ablation catheters, injection needles, and mechanical or hemostatic clips. These devices can even be modified to deliver Hemospray^®. According to our literature, perforation remains the most frequently reported complication following balloon enteroscopy in those with altered anatomy. Post-surgical small bowel adhesions are prone to tearing during enteroscopy which can lead to perforation. Overall perforation rates in enteroscopy amongst those with both unaltered and altered anatomy from meta-analysis data have been reported to be as low as 0.24%[10,29,30]. Colonoscopy and upper endoscopy on the other hand have perforation rates as low as 0.1%[31]. From the available literature in this review, perforation rates were as high as 7% in those with surgically altered anatomy requiring single or double balloon enteroscopy. Such risk should be considered by clinicians during procedure planning in this patient population. Notably, the presence of post-surgical adhesions and overtube maneuvering through tight bends can be potential factors leading to added complications. The use of fluoroscopy can aid in navigating the enteroscope in challenging situations.

GBR, PSW, OLTR, and GJR were the most reported altered anatomy types observed in our review. The various types of altered anatomy structures may have an impact on the underlying procedure regarding luminal passage and scope maneuvers. No trend was identified regarding an association between diagnostic or therapeutic yield with altered anatomy types. We observed that 20% of the perforations were seen in patients with a Roux-en-Y. Those with altered small bowel anatomy may be more prone to suffer procedure related complications; however, further work is needed to verify these findings.

When compared to previous systematic reviews of balloon assisted ERCP in those with surgically altered anatomy, our study has notable differences. Diagnostic yields have varied between 70%-90% with procedure success rates approaching 62%-93% amongst single or double balloon assisted ERCP[32-34]. These studies depicted overall adverse event rates between 4%-7% with perforations making up a minority of these complications[32-34]. Such variance from our study may stem from the purpose of procedure with balloon enteroscopy for obscure GI bleeding requiring a thorough investigation of the small bowel, whereas balloon assisted ERCP typically focuses on assessment and interventions within the biliary tree. Although both procedures can be technically challenging, underlying maneuvers and interventions can vary. The higher incidence of perforation rate in our study when compared to balloon assisted ERCP may be attributed to aspects related to altered anatomy including procedure time, more extended exploration of the small bowel, presence of underlying adhesions and different targeted therapeutic techniques. Further studies are needed to further characterize these differences.

We recognize that our study has limitations. Foremost, given the small number of relevant published literature on this topic, our review is limited by a small sample size within these 14 reports. The lack of extensive literature that fits our inclusion criteria highlights the need for further studies to continue to assess the role of balloon enteroscopy in surgically altered anatomy patients. Additionally, most of our accessed studies being retrospective in nature as well as inclusion of case reports without controlled studies limit the conclusions taken from our review. Given the limited availability of studies to fit our inclusion criteria, we included case reports which may have skewed our overall results given many having 100% diagnosis rates and 0% complication rates. Furthermore, we were unable to perform analysis based on the procedure approach (retrograde vs anterograde) given reporting variability amongst the studies. The variety of altered anatomy types and the variability in data reporting in each of these studies also places further limits on the generalizability of our findings.

CONCLUSION

Our systematic review indicates that the data on the clinical utility of balloon enteroscopy in the evaluation of small bowel bleeding remains limited in those with surgically altered anatomy. The compiled data from the available literature demonstrates that balloon enteroscopy represents a clinically useful diagnostic modality in identifying culprit lesions for this subset of patients with diagnostic and therapeutic yields as high as 83% and 64% respectively. However, precautions and appropriate selection of cases must be taken within this patient population with an incidence of perforation as high as 7%.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is defined as persistent bleeding despite negative evaluation with both esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy and is often secondary to small intestinal pathology. This form of GI bleeding has now become manageable with the introduction of single balloon enteroscopy or double balloon enteroscopy. Those with distorted anatomy may require thorough investigation of the upper GI tract during obscure GI bleeding, and balloon enteroscopy may be warranted.

Research motivation

Balloon enteroscopy can be warranted in instances of obscure GI bleeding in those with altered anatomy; however, literature remains limited on the overall diagnostic and therapeutic yields as well as the overall safety of these procedures in this patient population.

Research objectives

The primary aim of this systematic review was to assess the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy of balloon enteroscopy for obscure GI bleeding in patients with surgically altered anatomy. The secondary aim was to investigate the safety of balloon enteroscopy in this patient population.

Research methods

We performed an extensive literature search on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase where relevant articles were carefully reviewed. Terms used for the search included “enteroscopy,” “obscure bleeding,” “gastrointestinal bleeding,” and “altered anatomy.” Further search with the Reference Citation Analysis database was conducted to ensure inclusion of the latest high impact articles. Prospective and retrospective reviews, case series, and case reports were all included. Data from each study that fit our inclusion criteria were extracted into an excel file in a systematic fashion. Statistical analysis in the form of descriptive statistics was reported from each study.

Research results

Following our literature search, 14 studies were included in our review. In total, there were 68 procedures performed with 61 unique patients that had undergone these procedures. From the available data in each study, there was an overall diagnostic yield of 48/59 (81%) and a therapeutic yield of 39/59 (66%). Five (7%) procedures were complicated by perforation.

Research conclusions

Our systematic review shows that balloon enteroscopy can be implemented in obscure GI bleeding in those with altered anatomy. Diagnostic and therapeutic yields were as high as 83% and 64% respectively. Given the overall perforation of 7%, caution is warranted in such cases. Further literature is needed to expand upon our findings.

Research perspectives

Balloon enteroscopy remains a viable option to investigate obscure GI bleeding in those with altered anatomy. Caution is warranted given the reported perforation rates; however, further studies are needed to add to the limited available literature.