Kim SH, Kim JH. When should we perform colonoscopy to increase the adenoma detection rate? World J Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 13(12): 619-627 [PMID: 35070023 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v13.i12.619]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Jae Hak Kim, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, No. 27 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, South Korea. kimjaehak@dumc.or.kr
Research Domain of This Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Article-Type of This Article
Minireviews
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Author contributions: All authors equally contributed to data collection, data interpretation, and literature review; all authors wrote the paper, contributed to critical revision of the manuscript and granted final approval of the version to be published.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Jae Hak Kim, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, No. 27 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, South Korea. kimjaehak@dumc.or.kr
Received: March 18, 2021 Peer-review started: March 18, 2021 First decision: July 17, 2021 Revised: July 30, 2021 Accepted: November 30, 2021 Article in press: November 30, 2021 Published online: December 16, 2021
Abstract
The rate of adenoma detection is the most reliable quality indicator of colonoscopy. Studies have reported that colonoscopy performed in morning has a higher adenoma detection rate (ADR) than that performed in the afternoon. These studies have explained that several physician-related factors such as undergoing an emergency procedure the night before colonoscopy, accumulated workload, and increased fatigue level in the afternoon might have led to such finding. However, several opposing articles have indicated that the time of day and ADR is not quite related. Complex confounding factors can impact study results. Colonoscopy withdrawal time and bowel preparation quality are key factors. However, queue list numbers, participation of academic fellows, nurses' assistance, and the number of colonoscopies allocated per hour are also notable factors. Recently, an attempt has been made to homogenize the ADR in the morning and afternoon through artificial intelligence-assisted colonoscopy. This review article introduces the history of this long-debated topic, discusses points to consider in real-world practice, and suggests new ideas for planning future research. By understanding this issue, the rate of adenoma detection during colonoscopy is expected to be improved further.
Core Tip: Adenoma detection rate is the most reliable indicator of colonoscopy quality. Studies suggest that colonoscopy performed in the morning is associated with a higher detection rate of adenoma than the procedure performed in the afternoon. However, it is important to endeavor not only to improve patients' bowel preparation quality in the afternoon, but also to create an environment conducive to adenoma detection by physicians during afternoon sessions.
Citation: Kim SH, Kim JH. When should we perform colonoscopy to increase the adenoma detection rate? World J Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 13(12): 619-627
According to the statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO)[1], colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer around the world, with approximately 1.93 million newly diagnosed cases in the year 2020. It is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and the third most common cancer in men, accounting for 9.4% (2nd) of the total number of cancer deaths. In the United States, the mortality due to colorectal cancer has substantially declined over the past few decades mainly due to a decrease in the incidence of colorectal cancer thanks to a sensitive detection[2] and the removal of adenomas by colonoscopy[3].
Since more than 95% of colon cancers originate from colorectal adenomas, the rate of adenoma detection [adenoma detection rate (ADR)] during colonoscopy is concerned as the most reliable benchmark quality assessment indicator for determining adequate screening efficacy[3,4]. Some studies have reported that patients examined by endoscopists with ADR of less than 20% have over ten times greater risk of interval colorectal cancer[5,6].
Factors associated with ADRs include nonmodifiable factors (such as age, gender, race, body mass index, and comorbidities) and modifiable factors such as scope withdrawal time (WT) and bowel preparation[7-9]. However, most of these factors are either technical or patient-related factors. On the other hand, studies regarding endoscopist-related factors are scarce. Since the first report by Sanaka et al[10] showing that there might be a difference in ADR between morning and afternoon colonoscopies in 2006, several studies have shown that physician's fatigue in the afternoon is related to ADR. However, conflicting results have also been reported. Therefore, we are still uncertain whether colonoscopies performed in the morning show better ADR than those performed in the afternoon.
This review article will introduce the history of this long-debated topic with the latest study results and discuss points to consider when planning future research.
THE BEGINNING OF THE DEBATE
Previous studies have shown that fatigue of medical professionals, including anesthesiologists[11], surgeons[12] and resident trainees[13] has a negative impact on patient safety outcomes. This phenomenon is not only observed for medical personnel, but also observed for non-medical employees such as pilots[14] and truck drivers[15].
In the early 2000s, several retrospective studies have reported that fatigue caused by doctors' sleep deprivation can affect laparoscopic performance[13], and that patients who are hospitalized at weekend have higher mortality than weekday patients in some disease entities[16]. These were the first reports showing that a patient’s treatment outcome could vary by the day of the week. In 2004, a study suggested that a decrease in the detection rate of polyps of more than 9 mm was due to the practice pattern with a rapid increase in the number of screening colonoscopy after July based on the National Endoscopic Database[17]. As a result, it has been hypothesized that if the number of colonoscopy procedures by the time increases, the polyp detection rate (PDR) may be inversely affected. This result has been thought to be related to the fatigue of endoscopists.
The first article suggesting that an endoscopist’s fatigue during the day might affect colonoscopic cecal intubation rate (CIT) was published in 2006[10]. The authors investigated colonoscopic incompletion rates through a retrospective chart review of total 2087 colonoscopies (1084 in the morning and 999 in the afternoon). As a result, a significantly higher failure rate in the afternoon (6.5% vs 4.1%) was found. Even after correcting for poor bowel cleansing quality in the afternoon, the afternoon failure rate was still significantly higher (5.0% vs 3.2%). The authors explained that the time of day could possibly be an independent predictor of the completion rate of colonoscopy. Considering such result, the time factor could also lead to a decrease in the afternoon WT, which was expected to reduce ADR consequently. In a retrospective study[18] of 3619 colonoscopies, ADR was found to be significantly higher in morning colonoscopies than in afternoon colonoscopies (29.3% vs 25.3%). In addition, there was a trend toward declining ADR for each subsequent hour of the day.
A prospective study of Veteran's administration teaching hospital[19] has shown comparable results. Data were analyzed both as a dichotomous time period ("early-morning case" vs "later case") and as a continuous variable (start time). In univariate analysis, early-morning cases yielded 27% more polyps per patient than later cases. Numbers of hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps decreased hour-by-hour as the day progressed. These early studies were pioneer studies for many subsequent community-based studies (Table 1 and Figure 1).
However, several articles have indicated that the time of the day and ADR are not quite actually related. According to retrospective studies of single center hospitals that used a 3-h colonoscopy shift schedule[20] or an assigned time of 45 min per colonoscopy[21], PDR was the highest during the mid-day (shift 2)[20], showing no decrease in PDR as the day progressed[21]. In these studies, patients with poor bowel preparation were relatively less included using exclusion criteria and split-dose preparation methods. In addition, these studies could not reflect various amounts of workload among endoscopists for each institution.
In a retrospective study[22] based on a tertiary medical center where only attending physicians (excluding fellows) participated, PDR showed a decreasing trend for both half and all-day shifts (OR: 0.67, 95%CI: 0.44-1.00). However, due to related small numbers of confirmed adenomas, it could not demonstrate a significant difference in ADR. This result implicates that even in tertiary medical centers where endoscopists suffer high workload, the time of day alone may not have a strong influence on ADR as previously reported.
ENDOSCOPIST FATIGUE AND ADR
Despite these negative results, studies focusing on physician’s fatigue and ADR were steadily published in 2014 and 2015. One study has compared ADR between a control group and cases of on-call duty or emergency procedure the night before screening colonoscopy[23]. Interestingly, overnight on-call duty was irrelevant to ADR. However, undergoing an emergency procedure the night before colonoscopy resulted in a significant decrease (24%) in ADR compared to the control group, indicating the influence of sleep deprivation on procedural outcomes. In a prospective, multi-center study[24] on screening colonoscopies when endoscopist fatigue was measured using a Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F) questionnaire with a cutoff score of 25, ADR was found to be lower for fatigued endoscopists than for the non-fatigued group. FACIT-F was 3.6 time higher for the ADR in a multivariate regression analysis.
LATEST RESEARCH
A prospective observational study[25] performed in 2016 analyzed the influence of endoscopist-related characteristics on quality indicators for colonoscopy. In that study, factors associated with ADR were found to be age and life-long number of colonoscopies. Only exclusive dedication to endoscopy practice was found to be independently related to adenoma detection of proximal colon. Besides, none of other endoscopist characteristics, including the number of hours/week or annual volume of colonoscopies, was associated with a higher ADR. This was also supported by a following large community-based study[26] including more than 76000 colonoscopies with the aim to objectively reflect procedure related fatigue, considering both the number of colonoscopy procedures and the complexity of the procedure using consensus weights and relative value units. As a result, there was no association between ADR and endoscopist fatigue. Increasing levels of fatigue did not impact ADR, even after adjusting for confounding factors at patient-level and provider-level in multivariable regression analyses.
Meanwhile, the latest study has determined whether there is a difference in ADR between morning and afternoon colonoscopies assisted by artificial intelligence[27]. It was a prospective, single-center study with 484 colonoscopies through computer-aided detection (CAD) for polyps. There seemed to be no significant difference in ADR between morning and afternoon colonoscopies. Indeed, deep learning algorithm with real-time computer-aided polyp detection was proven to produce a significant increase in the detection of smaller adenomas compared to conventional colonoscopy (RR: 1.69; 95%CI: 1.48-1.84), according to a recent systemic review and meta-analysis[28]. It is expected that AI technology will be an effective tool minimizing the influence of 'endoscopist-related' factors in ADR.
Since 2006, numerous works have been done on whether colonoscopies performed in the afternoon are below the standard quality. It is not as easy as expected to conclude because various confounding variables such as patient, physician, assistant nurse, and the type of hospital are all factors that can affect the detection of adenomas during colonoscopy.
COMPLEX CONFOUNDERS
Increasing colonoscopy WT is thought to be able to improve ADR. A minimum WT of over 6 min during a normal colonoscopy is widely recommended[29]. A prospective observational study has been performed to determine how endoscopist fatigue can affect performance quality according to continuous and embedded volumes of colonoscopies[30]. It was found that WT and ADR remained stable while median CIT was lengthened as the repetitive procedure progressed. According to a prospective study (BECOP-3) that analyzed endoscopist factors related to ADR, WT within 6 to 11 min was not related to a reduced ADR[31]. However, ADR showed a significant reduction regardless of sufficient WT when a physician performed an emergency overnight procedure the day before the index colonoscopy[32]. If a physician sacrifices the WT to make up for a longer insertion time, less adenomas is expected to be found.
Along with WT, another substantial factor for ADR is bowel preparation quality. As it is crucial for adenoma detection, afternoon colonoscopies are known to be associated with both inadequate bowel preparation and lower ADR. There is no difference in the detection of adenomas by the time of day in studies when bowel preparation quality in the afternoon is maintained relatively well using a split-dose method[21] or statistically corrected for bowel cleanliness[33]. Another study has stated that bowel preparation is an inevitable confounder in assessing the quality of colonoscopy[34]. Therefore, various ways need to be investigated to improve the preparation quality of afternoon colonoscopies.
Other possible confounding factors include hospital system-related issues such as the participation proportion of academic fellows in endoscopy[34], queue list numbers that differ quite a lot for each endoscopic clinic[35], overnight duty systems for endoscopists or nurses[32], and the number of colonoscopies allocated every hour[20] (Table 2). If an endoscopist is in state of sleep deprivation or if an awaited patient comes in right after a previous laborious colonoscopy, it would be reasonable to question the procedural quality. However, if a highly skilled physician who performs more than 200 colonoscopies a year and if WT can be secured to be over 6 min, ADR can remain stable throughout the day[31]. Factors that might interfere with concentration on endoscopic procedures such as attending educational conferences, replying to frequent consultations, and educating medical students should be emphasized[25,36]. “Social influencing” using notice or posters, personal auditing reports, and physical or electronic reminders are emerging as part of efforts to prevent deterioration of polyp and ADRs due to fatigue in the afternoon in busy academic teaching institutions[37] .
Table 2 Factors related with higher adenoma detection rate.
Finally, how many hours of the day the endoscopist devotes to colonoscopies is another issue that should be pointed out. Some physicians may only work in the morning or afternoon (half-day block), while others may perform colonoscopies the entire day (full-day block). This can significantly affect study results. However, it has been poorly controlled across studies. For example, only half-day blocks were included in some studies, whereas full-day and half-day blocks of work were all taken into account in other studies. It seems inappropriate to compare these studies on the same line[33].
WHERE DO WE STAND? AND WHAT’S NEXT?
Meta-analyses on whether a morning colonoscopy is superior to an afternoon colonoscopy have shown cautious but consistent results. According to a study that analyzed a total of 16 eligible publications (14 retrospective studies and two prospective studies), ADRs for morning and afternoon colonoscopies were similar. However, the PDR of the afternoon was significantly less than that of the morning. Since it is generally considered that PDR does not significantly affect the quality of colonoscopy, there should be no change in the quality of colonoscopies throughout the day. Interestingly, the authors also concluded that fellow participation did not impact ADR difference between morning and afternoon colonoscopies. Barakat et al[38] analyzed the effect of the time of day on ADR through multiple subgroup analyses in 2020, showing that the net effect of the time of day did not impact ADR in general. In addition, there was no difference in ADR between morning and afternoon not only for physicians with a half-day block schedule, but also for endoscopists who continuously performed full-day colonoscopies by the same operator.
These meta-analyses have strengths, including a large number of studies with a large sample size with a diverse international population. However, due to relatively high heterogeneity existed in data used for the analysis (allotted time for a colonoscopy, WT, indications for colonoscopy), homogenization of the study design is required. In addition, it must be acknowledged that the unevenness of data among included studies in terms of different fellow participation and bowel preparation quality might affect the interpretation of results. Besides, as these meta-analyses did not estimate operator fatigue, results reflecting a physician’s various stamina levels and the complexity of previous procedures might come out differently.
Every colonoscopy is performed under different circumstances. There would be the first procedure of the day, some might be performed after a number of arduous duties. Performing 'full-day' colonoscopies may not necessarily lead to a less careful procedure. The physician who performs colonoscopy until the afternoon may receive additional financial compensation accordingly, which will increase the operator's motivation. Therefore, it is presumable that 'financial compensation policy' of each institution should be also considered as one of the various factors affecting ADR in the afternoon. On the other hand, from experience, the procedural result is not good from time to time when the following colonoscopy is forced to be started immediately after a difficult therapeutic endoscopy due to long waiting patients. We hope that future well-designed studies will be able to evaluate effects of previous endoscopies on ADR. Besides, it will be interesting to see if ADR in the morning and afternoon can be differently affected by the experience of endoscopists (novice/experienced), weekday or weekend, and gender of patients through subgroup analysis.
NO EFFECT OF TIME OF THE DAY ON ADR
Several studies indicated the lack of correlation between the time of the day and the ADR. Single-center retrospective studies at hospitals based on 3-h colonoscopy shift schedule or an assigned time of 45 min per colonoscopy revealed that PDR was the highest during the mid-day (shift 2), without decreasing as the day progressed. In these studies, relatively few patients with poor bowel preparation were included based on exclusion criteria and split-dose preparation methods. In addition, these studies failed to reflect various levels of workload among endoscopists at each institution.In a retrospective study based on a tertiary medical center involving only attending physicians (excluding fellows) as the participants, the PDR showed a decreasing trend in both half and full-day shifts (OR: 0.67, 95%CI: 0.44-1.00). However, due to the small number of confirmed adenomas, the study failed to demonstrate a significant difference in ADR, suggesting that even in tertiary medical centers with endoscopists ensuring increased workload, the time of day alone may not have a strong influence on ADR as previously reported.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, data up to date did not demonstrate a significant difference in the quality of colonoscopies by the time of the day in either a full day setting or in a half-day block setting. Despite negative results, we believe it is still too early to conclude on this issue. Future systematic randomized clinical trials that can control for confounding factors mentioned above and analyze an endoscopist’s fatigue level more objectively might change conclusions on this subject. For now, considering that the PDR (or maybe ADR) in the afternoon may get deteriorated in the full-day block schedule, it is important to make efforts not only to improve patients’ bowel preparation quality in the afternoon, but also to create an environment that a physician can focus solely on detecting adenomas during afternoon colonoscopy sessions.
Footnotes
Provenance and peer review: Invited article; Externally peer reviewed.
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA, Ahnen DJ, Meester RGS, Barzi A, Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017.CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67:177-193.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O'Brien MJ, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, van Ballegooijen M, Hankey BF, Shi W, Bond JH, Schapiro M, Panish JF, Stewart ET, Waye JD. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths.N Engl J Med. 2012;366:687-696.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Kaminski MF, Regula J, Kraszewska E, Polkowski M, Wojciechowska U, Didkowska J, Zwierko M, Rupinski M, Nowacki MP, Butruk E. Quality indicators for colonoscopy and the risk of interval cancer.N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1795-1803.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Corley DA, Jensen CD, Marks AR, Zhao WK, Lee JK, Doubeni CA, Zauber AG, de Boer J, Fireman BH, Schottinger JE, Quinn VP, Ghai NR, Levin TR, Quesenberry CP. Adenoma detection rate and risk of colorectal cancer and death.N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1298-1306.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Jia H, Koo M, Hsieh YH, Tseng CW, Hu CT, Zhang L, Dong T, Pan Y, Leung FW. Factors Associated With Adenoma Detection in Propofol-sedated Patients.J Clin Gastroenterol. 2019;53:523-529.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Park JH, Kim SJ, Hyun JH, Han KS, Kim BC, Hong CW, Lee SJ, Sohn DK. Correlation Between Bowel Preparation and the Adenoma Detection Rate in Screening Colonoscopy.Ann Coloproctol. 2017;33:93-98.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Rex DK, Bond JH, Winawer S, Levin TR, Burt RW, Johnson DA, Kirk LM, Litlin S, Lieberman DA, Waye JD, Church J, Marshall JB, Riddell RH; U. S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Quality in the technical performance of colonoscopy and the continuous quality improvement process for colonoscopy: recommendations of the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer.Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1296-1308.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Sanaka MR, Shah N, Mullen KD, Ferguson DR, Thomas C, McCullough AJ. Afternoon colonoscopies have higher failure rates than morning colonoscopies.Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2726-2730.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Parker JB. The effects of fatigue on physician performance--an underestimated cause of physician impairment and increased patient risk.Can J Anaesth. 1987;34:489-495.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Eastridge BJ, Hamilton EC, O'Keefe GE, Rege RV, Valentine RJ, Jones DJ, Tesfay S, Thal ER. Effect of sleep deprivation on the performance of simulated laparoscopic surgical skill.Am J Surg. 2003;186:169-174.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Gaba DM, Howard SK. Patient safety: fatigue among clinicians and the safety of patients.N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1249-1255.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Philip P, Taillard J, Moore N, Delord S, Valtat C, Sagaspe P, Bioulac B. The effects of coffee and napping on nighttime highway driving: a randomized trial.Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:785-791.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Bell CM, Redelmeier DA. Mortality among patients admitted to hospitals on weekends as compared with weekdays.N Engl J Med. 2001;345:663-668.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Harewood GC, Lieberman DA. Colonoscopy practice patterns since introduction of medicare coverage for average-risk screening.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:72-77.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Sanaka MR, Deepinder F, Thota PN, Lopez R, Burke CA. Adenomas are detected more often in morning than in afternoon colonoscopy.Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1659-64; quiz 1665.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Chan MY, Cohen H, Spiegel BM. Fewer polyps detected by colonoscopy as the day progresses at a Veteran's Administration teaching hospital.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:1217-23; quiz 1143.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Munson GW, Harewood GC, Francis DL. Time of day variation in polyp detection rate for colonoscopies performed on a 3-hour shift schedule.Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73:467-475.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Freedman JS, Harari DY, Bamji ND, Bodian CA, Kornacki S, Cohen LB, Miller KM, Aisenberg J. The detection of premalignant colon polyps during colonoscopy is stable throughout the workday.Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73:1197-1206.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Long MD, Martin C, Sandler RS, Herfarth HH, Shaheen NJ, Dellon ES. Reduced polyp detection as endoscopy shift progresses: experience with screening colonoscopy at a tertiary-care hospital.J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45:253-258.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Lurix E, Hernandez AV, Thoma M, Castro F. Adenoma detection rate is not influenced by full-day blocks, time, or modified queue position.Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75:827-834.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Lee CK, Cha JM, Kim WJ. Endoscopist Fatigue May Contribute to a Decline in the Effectiveness of Screening Colonoscopy.J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;49:e51-e56.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Jover R, Zapater P, Bujanda L, Hernández V, Cubiella J, Pellisé M, Ponce M, Ono A, Lanas A, Seoane A, Marín-Gabriel JC, Chaparro M, Cacho G, Herreros-de-Tejada A, Fernández-Díez S, Peris A, Nicolás-Pérez D, Murcia O, Castells A, Quintero E; COLONPREV Study Investigators. Endoscopist characteristics that influence the quality of colonoscopy.Endoscopy. 2016;48:241-247.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Lee A, Jensen CD, Marks AR, Zhao WK, Doubeni CA, Zauber AG, Quinn VP, Levin TR, Corley DA. Endoscopist fatigue estimates and colonoscopic adenoma detection in a large community-based setting.Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;85:601-610.e2.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Lei S, Wang Z, Tu M, Liu P, Lei L, Xiao X, Zhou G, Liu X, Li L, Wang P. Adenoma detection rate is not influenced by the time of day in computer-aided detection colonoscopy.Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99:e23685.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Hassan C, Spadaccini M, Iannone A, Maselli R, Jovani M, Chandrasekar VT, Antonelli G, Yu H, Areia M, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Bhandari P, Sharma P, Rex DK, Rösch T, Wallace M, Repici A. Performance of artificial intelligence in colonoscopy for adenoma and polyp detection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Gastrointest Endosc. 2021;93:77-85.e6.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Harewood GC, Chrysostomou K, Himy N, Leong WL. Impact of operator fatigue on endoscopy performance: implications for procedure scheduling.Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:1656-1661.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Adler A, Wegscheider K, Lieberman D, Aminalai A, Aschenbeck J, Drossel R, Mayr M, Mroß M, Scheel M, Schröder A, Gerber K, Stange G, Roll S, Gauger U, Wiedenmann B, Altenhofen L, Rosch T. Factors determining the quality of screening colonoscopy: a prospective study on adenoma detection rates, from 12,134 examinations (Berlin colonoscopy project 3, BECOP-3).Gut. 2013;62:236-241.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Benson M, Grimes I, Gopal D, Reichelderfer M, Soni A, Benson H, Austin K, Pfau P. Influence of previous night call and sleep deprivation on screening colonoscopy quality.Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:1133-1137.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Wu J, Zhao SB, Wang SL, Fang J, Xia T, Su XJ, Xu C, Li ZS, Bai Y. Comparison of efficacy of colonoscopy between the morning and afternoon: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Dig Liver Dis. 2018;50:661-667.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Melson J, Berger D, Greenspan M, Bayoumi M, Jakate S. Maintaining low non-neoplastic polypectomy rates in high-quality screening colonoscopy.Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;85:581-587.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Lee A, Iskander JM, Gupta N, Borg BB, Zuckerman G, Banerjee B, Gyawali CP. Queue position in the endoscopic schedule impacts effectiveness of colonoscopy.Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:1457-1465.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Kaneshiro M, Ho A, Chan M, Cohen H, Spiegel BM. Colonoscopy yields fewer polyps as the day progresses despite using social influence theory to reverse the trend.Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;72:1233-1240.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Barakat M, Panchal A, Abdelfatah MM, Elhanafi S, Carr-Locke DL, Othman MO. Morning vs afternoon adenoma detection rate: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;32:467-474.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Paeck KH, Heo WJ, Park DI, Kim YH, Lee SH, Lee CK, Eun CS, Han DS. Colonoscopy scheduling influences adenoma and polyp detection rates.Hepatogastroenterology. 2013;60:1647-1652.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Subramanian S, Psarelli EE, Collins P, Haslam N, O'Toole P, Lombard M, Sarkar S. Colonoscopy performance is stable during the course of an extended three-session working day.Endosc Int Open. 2015;3:E494-E500.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Singh S, Dhawan M, Chowdhry M, Babich M, Aoun E. Differences between morning and afternoon colonoscopies for adenoma detection in female and male patients.Ann Gastroenterol. 2016;29:497-501.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Teng TY, Khor SN, Kailasam M, Cheah WK, Lau CC. Morning colonoscopies are associated with improved adenoma detection rates.Surg Endosc. 2016;30:1796-1803.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
