Truth lies below: A case report and literature review of typical appearing polyps yet with an atypical diagnosis

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is a rare form of peripheral T-cell lymphoma and makes up less than 5% of gastrointestinal lymphomas. EATL can be divided into type 1 which is associated with celiac disease, and monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (MEITL), formally type 2, which is not associated with celiac disease.

CASE SUMMARY

We present a 60-year-old African American female, without celiac disease, who presented with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and 30 lb. weight loss over a 3 month period. She was subsequently diagnosed with EATL throughout her entire gastrointestinal tract. She is currently undergoing chemotherapy with EOCH (Etoposide, Oncovin, Cyclophosphamide, and Hydroxydaunorubicin). EATL is most common in the Asian and Hispanic population yet the incidence in African Americans is uncertain and emphasizes the rarity of this case. A literature review was included to further emphasize similarities and differences between our case and previously reported cases of MEITL.

CONCLUSION

The patient was diagnosed with EATL, immunochemical testing was not conclusive for MEITL however was suggestive of the disease.

Key Words: Enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma; Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma; Peripheral T-cell lymphoma; Gastrointestinal lymphoma; Endoscopy; Case report; Literature review

Core Tip: The purpose of this case is to highlight an unusual presentation and demographic of monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (MEITL). A comprehensive literature review of MEITL is included in the case to further emphasize similarities and differences between our case and previously reported cases of MEITL.

INTRODUCTION

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a small subset of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL)[1]. One of the rarer entities of PTCL is enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL). In general, EATL is diagnosed upon immunophenotype of small intestine biopsy and is only associated with approximately 5% of gastrointestinal (GI) lymphomas and less than 1% of NHL[2]. EATL is most commonly found in adult populations with a high incidence of celiac disease[3]. However, EATL can be divided into type 1 disease, which is associated with celiac disease, and monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (MEITL), formally type 2, which is not associated with celiac disease[1]. MEITL is unique upon its immunophenotypic features compared to type 1 EATL[4] and has a higher incidence in Asian and Hispanic populations[5]. Ideal treatment of EATL consist of combination chemotherapy and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)[6]. Here we present a unique case of EATL, in an African American patient without celiac disease.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 60-yr-old African American female with a remote medical history of breast cancer, status post double mastectomy, presented with 1 wk of bilateral lower abdominal pain that was associated with diarrhea, early satiety, and a 30 lb. weight loss (over 3 mo).

Diagnostic evaluation

A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a large circumferential mass involving the transverse colon which extended approximately 14 cm in length (Figure 1 A, B, and C). On physical exam, her vitals were stable. Her abdominal exam was soft and non-distended, with mild pain to palpation to her lower abdomen. Her laboratory work-up was notable for a mild leukocytosis (white blood count 13.4 bil/L, hemoglobin 15.7 g/dL, platelets 404 bil/L), hyponatremia and acute kidney injury ( sodium 123 mmol/L and creatinine 2.52 mg/dL (baseline creatinine was normal)). Her liver function tests (including albumin and protein level), lactic acid, lipase, infectious stool studies (i.e., Clostridium difficile infection, ova and parasites, Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, or Escherichia coli O157) were all normal.

Figure 1 Computed tomography scan revealed a large circumferential mass involving the transverse colon which extended approximately 14 cm in length (arrows). A: Axial; B: Coronal; C: Transverse.

She underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy. EGD was notable for non-erosive gastropathy and normal appearing duodenum for which biopsies were obtained. Colonoscopy was notable for nodular ileal and colonic mucosa with multiple colonic polyps (Figure 2). In addition, she had a 15 cm malignant appearing stricture in the transverse colon (Figure 3). The largest colonic polyp was approximately 2.5 cm in her rectum (Figure 4). Pathology results of her stomach, duodenum, terminal ileum, colon, transverse stricture and all of her colonic polyps were notable for MEITL (Figure 5). There was no evidence of celiac disease on duodenal biopsy. There was no evidence of adenocarcinoma throughout her colon.

Figure 2 Colonoscopy with multiple polyps and nodularity throughout the colon.

Figure 3 Colonoscopy with 15 cm malignant appearing stricture in the transverse colon.

Figure 4 Colonoscopy. 2.5 cm in her rectum polyp.

Figure 5 The infiltrate is composed of small to intermediate-sized lymphocytes with round nuclei, inconspicuous nucleoli and lacks an inflammatory background. Prominent intraepithelial lymphocytosis is present (arrows; Hematoxylin and Eosin, 500 ×). Pathology results of her stomach, duodenum, terminal ileum, colon, transverse stricture and all of her colonic polyps are consistent with enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma.

For the patient’s newly diagnosed high grade EATL, she underwent staging bone marrow biopsy and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan. Bone marrow biopsy was without overt morphologic or flow cytometry evidence of T-cell lymphoma or metastatic malignancy. PET/CT scan with abnormal F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) activity associated with the transverse colonic mass, mesenteric lymphadenopathy, focal uptake within the rectum, intense uptake throughout the bone marrow, and portions of the spleen.

The patient was started on chemotherapy with EOCH (Etoposide, Oncovin, Cyclophosphamide, and Hydroxydaunorubicin). She was not a candidate for HCT given her functional status. Unfortunately, despite her aggressive chemotherapy regimen, her disease persisted. At her 6-month follow-up, her repeat PET/CT scan with abnormal FDG activity associated with the transverse colon and rectum. Repeat colonoscopy noted a large lymphoma polyploidy lesion.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The patient was diagnosed with EATL, immunochemical testing was not conclusive for MEITL however was suggestive of the disease.

TREATMENT

The patient underwent chemotherapy with EOCH (Etoposide, Oncovin, Cyclophosphamide, and Hydroxydaunorubicin).

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

At her 6-mo follow-up, her repeat PET/CT scan with abnormal FDG activity associated with the transverse colon and rectum. Repeat colonoscopy noted a large lymphoma polyploidy lesion.

DISCUSSION

EATL is a rare form of PTCL that generally effects middle aged Caucasians. The majority of cases involve the small intestine (up to 90%), while the stomach and colon are less commonly involved (35% and 8% respectively)[3,4]. Additionally, many patients with EATL have celiac disease on histology[7]. Our patient is unique as she is an African American with involvement of entire GI tract, and no histological evidence of celiac disease.

Endoscopically, EATL often presents with nodularity, circumferential ulcers, and at times perforation. Identifiable masses or polyps are not generally appreciated[8]. In this case, the colonoscopy was notable for multiple large polyps (largest being 2.5 cm in the rectum) and a malignant appearing stricture.

Ideal treatment of EATL is consisted of combination chemotherapy and HCT. However, if patients are with poor functional status, HCT may not be an option. Sieniawski et al[6] demonstrated in a retrospective study that patients with EATL undergoing chemotherapy (ifosfamide, etoposide, epirubicin, and methotrexate) followed by HCT had progression free survival and overall survival (OS) at 5 yr of 52% and 60%, respectively. Chemotherapy alone has a much poorer prognosis with 5 yr OS of 10%-20%[8].

To review previous cases, we also performed a PubMed literature search. The search was conducted using the phrase “case report” and “monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma”. Six articles were identified between 2016 and 2018, involving nine patients. The majority of cases reported were in Southeast Asia. The patient’s ages ranged from 40 to 83 yr old and the majority of cases were male (66%). The most common presenting symptoms were diarrhea (44%) and weight loss (33%). Interestingly, one patient presented with severe dyspnea. The patient was noted to have a pleural effusion secondary to MEITL. Treatment regimens mainly consisted of various chemotherapy regimens with 33% of patients receiving stem cell transplants. Unfortunately, survival after diagnosis was poor and ranged from 5 d to 3 yr despite therapy (Table 1)[9-14].

Table 1 Literature review of case reports of monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma.

Author	Year and Location	Patient Age and Gender	Presenting symptom	History of celiac disease?	Treatment	Prognosis after diagnosis
Chen et al[9]	2016, Singapore	60 y/o, Male	Abdominal pain	No	CHOP + IVE/MTX + autologous stem cell transplant	Deceased at 2 wk
Ishibashi et al[10]	2016, Japan	60 y/o, Male	Persistent diarrhea and weight loss	No	CHASE and autologous stem cell transplant	Deceased at 3 yr
Ishibashi et al[10]	2016, Japan	40 y/o, Female	Diarrhea and weight loss	Not stated	THP-COP	Deceased at 2 mo
Ishibashi et al[10]	2016, Japan	50 y/o, Female	Abdominal distention	Not stated	CHOP + high dose MTX/cytarabine + allogeneic stem cell transplant	Deceased at 9 mo
Ishibashi et al[10]	2016, Japan	70 y/o, Male	Nausea	Not stated	SMILE	Deceased at 9 mo
Aiempanakit et al[11]	2017, Thialand	67 y/o, Male	Chronic diarrhea and weight loss	Not stated	Anthracycline based chemotherapy	Deceased at 2 mo
Antoniadou et al[12]	2016, Greece	76 y/o, Male	Severe dyspnea	Not stated	Unable to tolerate treatment and deceased	Deceased at Day 5
Aoyama et al[13]	2018, Japan	83 y/o, Male	Fever and diarrhea	Not stated	CHOP followed by DeVIC	Deceased yet no timeframe stated
Pan et al[14]	2018, Taiwan	76 y/o, Female	Intermittent abdominal pain	No	CEOP	Deceased at 3.7 mo

y/o = years-old; CHOP = cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone; IVE = ifosfamide, vincristine, and etoposide; MTX = methotrexate; CHASE = cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, etoposide, and dexamethasone; THP-COP = pirarubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisolone; SMILE = dexamethasone, methotrexate, ifosfamide, L-asparaginase, and etoposide; DeVIC = etoposide, doxorubicin, oncovin, and prednisolone; CEOP = cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our patient continues to undergo therapy. Her subsequent PET scan and endoscopy have identified persistent disease. Our case is limited in that the patient has yet to complete chemotherapy. At her 6-mo follow-up, her repeat PET/CT scan with abnormal FDG activity associated with the transverse colon and rectum. Repeat colonoscopy noted a large lymphoma polyploidy lesion. There is no gold standard for monitoring EATL and repeat endoscopies can be decided on a case-by-case basis with guidance from oncology and further repeat imaging.