Management of early gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms

Figure 1 Endoscopic images of early gastrointestinal NETs/carcinoids. A: Multiple small (< 1 cm), well differentiated (G1) type 2 gastric NETs/carcinoids associated with Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome (ZES) and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1); B: Multiple small (< 1 cm), well differentiated (G1) type 1 gastric NETs/carcinoids associated with autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia; C: 8 mm measuring NET/carcinoid in the duodenal bulb (C1). Endoscopic ultrasound shows the infiltration of mucosa and submucosa (C2). The duodenal NET/carcinoid exhibits a low echogenic pattern on EUS; D: 10 mm measuring NET/carcinoid of the rectum (D1). 7 mm measuring NET/carcinoid of the rectum (D2). Modified from reference[13-15]. NETs: neuroendocrine tumors; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound.