Identifying who best tolerates moderate sedation: Results from a national database of gastrointestinal endoscopic outcomes

Figure 1 Study flow diagram. Allocation of patients into the “Low dose sedation” group (n = 63154) and “High dose sedation” group (n = 307819). Exclusion of patients based on sedation type/dose, incomplete data, and age (n = 285421). Low dose sedation parameters: Fentanyl ≤ 50 µg or meperidine ≤ 50 mg +/- midazolam ≤ 2 mg. High dose sedation parameters: Fentanyl ≥ 200 µg ormeperidine ≥ 150 mg +/- midazolam ≥ 6 mg +/- diphenhydramine (any dose). Sedation parameters excluded: Fentanyl > 50 µg to < 200 µg, meperidine > 50 mg to < 150 mg, and midazolam > 2 mg to < 6 mg. LD: Low dose; HD: High dose; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

Figure 2 Entire group analysis. Odds ratios based on adjusted and unadjusted analysis comparing “Low dose” sedation group (n = 63154) vs “High dose” sedation group (n = 307819) across all procedures. ¹Adjusted odds ratios and unadjusted odds ratios for all procedures requiring low dose sedation vs high dose sedation. ²Other site: Ambulatory surgery center, hospital ward, intensive care units, and radiology suite. EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; ASA: American Society of Anesthesia Class; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Figure 3 Comparison of esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy groups. A: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; B: Colonoscopy. Odds ratios based on adjusted and unadjusted analysis comparing “High dose” sedation group and “Low dose” sedation group during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (High dose group = 113281; Low dose group = 25146) and during colonoscopy (High dose group = 194684; Low dose group = 37991). ¹Adjusted odds ratios and unadjusted odds ratios for all procedures requiring low dose sedation vs high dose sedation; ²Other site: Ambulatory surgery center, hospital ward, intensive care units, and radiology suite. LD: Low dose; HD: High dose; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.