Predictors for advanced fibrosis in morbidly obese non-alcoholic fatty liver patients

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population

Variable	n1	Mean ± SD
Age (yr)	77	42.4 ± 12.98
Gender (male) %	77	46.8
BMI (kg/m2)	77	41.71 ± 4.68
Glucose (mg/dL) (< 100)	48	116.81 ± 35.08
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) (< 200)	42	191.97 ± 34.46
LDL (mg/dL)	42	112.80 ± 33.05
HDL (mg/dL)	40	44.19 ± 11.87
TG (mg/dL) (< 150)	42	182.38 ± 56.36
ALT (U/L) (5-39)	47	44.28 ± 44.49
AST (U/L) (7-40)	47	28.91 ± 20.11
Success rate %	77	84.31 ± 13.55
Stiffness	77	10.24 ± 6.27
Sedentary time2 (min/d)	77	263.84 ± 176.56
Daily activity (score3)	77	20.56 ± 3.47
Alcohol servings/week	77	0.66 ± 1.67
Current or past smokers %	77	48.1

¹Indicates on the number of people with available measure;

²Time spent by using a computer, watching television or reading;

³Climbing stairs, short walking and house-keeping chores, etc. The higher the score the lower is the activity (1-every day, 5-never). BMI: Body mass index; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoprotein; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; TG: Triglycerides.

Table 2 Comparison between subjects with fibrosis degree F < 2 and subjects with significant fibrosis degree F ≥ 2 (mean ± SD, unless otherwise stated)

Variable	F < 2 (n = 31)	F ≥ 2 (n = 46)	P
Gender (men) %	22.6	63	< 0.001
Age (yr)	42.32 ± 13.89	42.96 ± 12.29	0.838
Education (yr)	13.13 ± 2.05	13.78 ± 2.9	0.281
BMI (kg/m2)	39.82 ± 3.16	42.99 ± 5.11	< 0.001
Type 2 diabetes drugs (%)	19.4	17.4	0.827
All sugared soft drinks (cups/d)	1.76 ± 2.74	1.38 ± 2.24	0.502
Carbonated sugared drinks intake (cups/d)	0.99 ± 1.52	0.89 ± 1.98	0.816
Diet carbonated drinks intake (cups/d)	0.46 ± 0.98	0.88 ± 1.6	0.196
Coffee intake (cups/d)	2.22 ± 1.87	1.77 ± 1.74	0.287
Alcohol servings/week	0.97 ± 1.80	0.46 ± 1.56	0.189
Current or past smokers (%)	48.4	47.8	0.961
Fruits intake (portions/d)	1.71 ± 1.35	1.74 ± 1.31	0.924
Vegetables intake (portions/d)	2.77 ± 2.38	2.64 ± 1.93	0.788
Fried food intake (portions/d)	1.18 ± 1.25	1.08 ± 0.77	0.690
Leisure time physical activity (min/wk)	189 ± 83.06	237.69 ± 437.89	0.733
Sedentary time1 (min/d)	264.19 ± 171.7	263.61 ± 181.65	0.989
Daily activity (score2)	20.19 ± 2.83	20.8 ± 3.85	0.452
Glucose (mg/dL)	113.72 ± 42.35	119.42 ± 28.13	0.580
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	202.68 ± 37.79	182.24 ± 28.6	0.054
LDL (mg/dL)	121.52 ± 38.77	104.04 ± 23.97	0.088
HDL (mg/dL)	46.55 ± 11.42	41.83 ± 12.13	0.213
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	170.73 ± 60.25	192 ± 52.3	0.228
ALT (U/L)	34.89 ± 37.77	50.66 ± 48.13	0.237
AST (U/L)	26.4 ± 24.47	30.78 ± 16.43	0.467
GGT (U/L)	22.52 ± 12.01	43.06 ± 23.53	0.090

¹Time spent by using a computer, watching television or reading;

²Climbing stairs, short walking and house-keeping chores, etc. The higher the score the lower is the activity (1-every day, 5-never). BMI: Body mass index; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoprotein; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; GGT: Glutamyl transpeptidase.

Table 3 Comparison between subjects with fibrosis degree F < 3 and subjects with advanced fibrosis degree F ≥ 3 (mean ± SD, unless otherwise stated)

Variable	F < 3 (n = 47)	F ≥ 3 (n = 30)	P
Gender (male) %	36.2	63.3	0.020
Age (yr)	42.47 ± 14	43.07 ± 11.09	0.836
Education (yr)	13.19 ± 2.59	14.03 ± 2.55	0.166
BMI (kg/m2)	40.68 ± 3.96	42.32 ± 5.3	0.023
Type 2 diabetes drugs (%)	17	20	0.741
All sugared soft drinks (cups/d)	1.64 ± 2.45	1.37 ± 2.46	0.635
Carbonated sugared drinks intake (cups/d)	0.9 ± 1.55	0.98 ± 2.16	0.850
Diet carbonated drinks intake (cups/d)	0.73 ± 1.44	0.68 ± 1.33	0.890
Coffee intake (cups/d)	1.96 ± 1.88	1.93 ± 1.69	0.951
Alcohol (servings/wk)	0.87 ± 1.76	0.33 ± 1.47	0.152
Current or past smokers (%)	48.9	46.7	0.846
Fruits intake (portions/d)	1.57 ± 1.25	1.97 ± 1.4	0.204
Vegetables intake (portions/d)	2.43 ± 2.11	3.12 ± 2.07	0.162
Fried food intake (portions/d)	1.12 ± 1.12	1.12 ± 0.75	0.999
Leisure time physical activity (min/wk)	155.62 ± 89.96	355.71 ± 585.97	0.403
Sedentary time1 (min/d)	265.66 ± 178.79	261.00 ± 176.01	0.911
Daily activity (score2)	20.32 ± 3.49	20.93 ± 3.45	0.452
Glucose (mg/dL)	117 ± 39.93	116.53 ± 27.08	0.964
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	197.75 ± 37.39	180.41 ± 25	0.083
LDL (mg/dL)	117.81 ± 35.94	101.61 ± 22.00	0.087
HDL (mg/dL)	44.85 ± 11.16	42.82 ± 13.6	0.619
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	176.28 ± 55.14	194.57 ± 58.84	0.328
ALT (U/L)	36.5 ± 33.26	55.76 ± 56.26	0.147
AST (U/L)	26.89 ± 21.99	31.89 ± 17.11	0.409
GGT (U/L)	29.89 ± 26.25	43.4 ± 16.96	0.241

¹Time spent by using a computer, watching television or reading;

²Climbing stairs, short walking and house-keeping chores, etc. The higher the score the lower is the activity (1-every day, 5-never). BMI: Body mass index; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoprotein; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; GGT: Glutamyl transpeptidase.

Table 4 Multivariate analysis for the prediction of significant or advanced fibrosis

Variable	Model 1: F ≥ 2		Model 2: F ≥ 3
	OR (95%CI)	P	OR (95%CI)	P
Age (yr)	1.03 (0.99-1.08)	0.153	1.03 (0.98-1.07)	0.246
Gender (male)	7.93 (2.36-26.64)	0.001	2.92 (1.08-7.91)	0.035
BMI (kg/m2)	1.33 (1.11-1.60)	0.002	1.17 (1.03-1.33)	0.018

The models are adjusted for all variables listed in the model. BMI: Body mass index.