Copyright
©The Author(s) 2017.
World J Hepatol. Jun 18, 2017; 9(17): 757-770
Published online Jun 18, 2017. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i17.757
Published online Jun 18, 2017. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i17.757
Table 1 Features of CD4+ cell subsets
Th1 | Th2 | T17 | Treg | Tfh | |
Produced Cytokines | IFN-gama, TNF-alpha, IL-2 | IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13 | IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-26 | TGF-beta, IL-10 | CXCR5, IL-21 |
Immune response mediated aginst | Intracellular pathogens | Extracellular parasites, allergy, humoral response | Extracellular bacteria and fungi, autoimmunity | IgA secretion, self-tolerance | Differentiation of B cells |
Master transcription factors for differentiation | T-bet | GATA-3 | RORct | Foxp3 | Bcl6 |
Effected cells | Macrophages, cytotoxic cells activated | Eosinophils, mast cells activated | Neutrophils activated | B cells activated Th1, Th2, Th17 supressed | B cells activated |
Table 2 Plants are effective on liver disorders and immune system
Common name | Scientıfic name | Effectıve part | Phytochemıcal content | Preparatıon on lıver dısorders1 | Ref. |
Chaff-flower | Achyranthes aspera L. | Whole plant | Ecdysterone, achyranthine, betaine, pentatriaontane, 6-pentatriacontanone, hexatriacontane and tritriacontane | Natrossil natiris | [28-30] |
Fennel | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Root | Coumarins (bergapten, ısopimpinellin, anthotoxin), flavonoids (quercetin, rutin) | Presselin dyspeptikum presselin, bupleurum compound phytomedicine, epagest lampugnani | [18,25,31] |
Korean Ginseng, Chinese Red Ginseng | Panax ginseng Mey. | Root | Polysaccharides, saponins, ginsenoside | Tripid teguhsindo | [32-34] |
Yarrow | Achillea sp. | Flower | Volatile oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, sesquiterpenlactones | Liv-52 drops, cheiranthol klein | [35-38] |
Carqueja | Baccharis trimera (Less) DC | Epigeous part | Flavonoids, diterpenoids | Boldina Plata | [39-41] |
Chicory | Cichorium intybus L. | Aerial part, root, leaf | Saccharides, methoxycoumarin cichorine, flavonoids, essential oils, anthocyanins | Natusor hepavesical soria natural, Liv-52 drops | [42-46] |
Globe artichoke | Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L. | Leaf | Sesquiterpenes lactones (cynaropicrin), flavonoids (cynaropicrin), phenolic acids (mainly caffeic acid derivatives) | Livstim mediherb, livton complex mediherb, lorbihepatic bioquimico, olocynan makros, rapacholin C herbapol wroclaw, farmasa, sylicynar herbapol poznan, alcafelol luper, bagohepat bago, armstrong, benevolus schwabe, boldina plata, cinarepa cristalfarma, colachofra EMS, cynarex roux-ocefa, herbapol wroclaw, cynarzym N altana, digestron loprofar, epagest lampugnani, figatil catarinense, salus, hecrosine B12 ortoquimica, hepatofalk falk, jurubileno ıbefar | [47,48] |
Pale purple coneflower | Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench | Whole plant | Alkamides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, cichoric acid (a derivate of caffeic acid) | Andrographis complex mediherb, kalbe, hepatin lapi, ımudator pyridam, herbal cleanse vitaplex | [49-52] |
Faise daisy | Eclipta alba (syn E. prostrata L.) | Aerial part | Tannins, flavonoids, coumestans, saponins, alkaloids | Dipana promed | [53,54] |
Chamomile | Matricaria chamomilla L. | Flower | Coumarin (herniarin and umbelliferone), phenylpropanoids (chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid), flavonoids (apigenin, apigenin-7-o-glucoside, luteolin, luteolin-7-o-glucoside, quercetin, rutin, naringenin), blue essential oils | Presselin dyspeptikum presselin, cholesol herbapol wroclaw, gotas digestivas bunker | [42,55-57] |
Milk thisle | Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. | Seed | Polyphenolic flavonoids(silymarin, isosilyins, silibinins, silydianin silychristin) | Liverine cardinal, livermin korean ginseng, liverton sıffra, livosil-b centaur, livstim mediherb, livton complex mediherb, lomacholan lomapharm, phytohepar steigerwald, poikicholan lomapharm, prol procare, samarin berlin pharm, schwohepan S schworer, silegon teva, silibene merckle, silicur hexal, silimalon nikkho, silimarin benedetti, silimarit bionorica, silimax filofarm, silirex lampugnani, siliver farmasa, silliver abbott, silmar hennig, silvaysan sanum-kehlbeck, silybon micro, silygal ıvax, silyhexal hexal, sily-sabona sabona, mepha, sivylar ranbaxy, sylicaps herbapol lublin, sylicynar herbapol poznan, sylimarol herbapol pruszkow | [18,19,58,59] |
Syliverin aflofarm, sylivit herbapol poznan, solas, vionin nf tempo scan pacific, alepa duopharm, apihepar madaus, vıa tris, aptivium liver support cynergen, ardeyhepan emonta, ardeypharm, bibol leloup hexa, bilisan duo repha | |||||
Bioglan liver-vite bioglan, bupleurum complex mediherb, bupleurum compound phytomedicine, carsil sopharma, cefasliymarin cefak, cheiranthol klein, soho capsule/syrup, depatox progen, durasilymarin merck dura, eleparon sankyo, epagest lampugnani, flavobion zentiva, hegrimarin strathmann, strathmann, hepabene ratiopharm, merckle, ratiopharm, hepabesch strathmann, hepadigenor baliarda, hepaduran v otw, loges | |||||
Capsule, hepamax dankos, hepa-merz sil merz, hepar-pasc pascoe, heparsyx n syxyl, heparviton bode, tempo scan pacific, hepatin lapi, kalbe, falk, darya-varia, hepatos, Yung shin, heplant spitzner, herbal liver formula faulding, worwag, legalon-madaus, laragon roemmers, ıfet, leveron vesco, limarin serum ınstitute, herbal cleanse vitaplex | |||||
Dandelion | Taraxacum officinale G. | Root | Sesquiterpenes, saponins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, sugars | Naturica DFM ıkapharmindo, livstim mediherb, livton complex mediherb, berberis complex blackmores, cholesol herbapol wroclaw, cinarepa cristalfarma, hepatofalk falk, herbal cleanse vitaplex | [60-63] |
Radish | Raphanus sativus L. | Leaf, root | Flavanoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, sterols | Rapacholin AC herbapol wroclaw, rapacholin c herbapol wroclaw | [64-67] |
Caper | Capparis spinosa L. | Root bark | Sugars (glucose, arabinose, mannose, galactose), lipid, volatile oils | Liv-52 drops | [68-71] |
Kinkéliba | Combretum micranthum G. Don | Leaf | catechins, glycosylflavones, flavans, galloylated c-glycosylflavone derivatives, flavan-piperidine alkaloid | Tisane mediflor N°5 hepatique | [72-74] |
Arjuna | Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn. | Bark | Arjunolic acid, tomentosic acid, arjunin, β-sitosterol, ellagic acid, leucodelphinidin, tannins | Liv-52 drops | [75-77] |
Coffee senna | Cassia occidentalis L.(Senna occidentalis) | Leaf | Anthraquinones, saponins, sterols, triterpenes, quinines, tannins, flavonoids | Tisane mediflor N°5 hepatıque, Liv-52 drops | [78-80] |
Liquorice, Licorice | Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | Root | Triterpene saponins, flavonoids, isoflavonoids and chalcones, glycyrrhizic acid | Tisane mediflor N°5 hepatıque, neo-minophagen C dexa, torii, curliv soho, soho capsule/syrup | [18,26,81] |
Holy basil | Ocimum sanctum Linn. | Leaf | Volatile oils (eugenol, euginal, urosolic acid, carvacrol, linalool, limatrol, caryophyllene, methyl carvicol), anthocyans, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates,xylose, polysaccharides | Andrographis complex mediherb | [22,82-85] |
Rosemary | Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Leaf | Diterpenoids, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid | Tisane mediflor N°5 hepatıque, natusor hepavesical soria natural, cinarepa cristalfarma | [86-88] |
Red sage, Danshen | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. | Root | Tanshinones (tanshinone ı, tanshinoneıı, cryptotanshinone) miltirone and salvianolic acid a, b | Bupleurum complex mediherb | [18,89,90] |
Common mallow | Malva sylvestris L. | Leaf | Amino acids/protein derivatives, flavonoids, mucilages, terpenoids, phenol derivatives, coumarin | Tisane mediflor N°5 hepatıque | [91-93] |
Tinospora, Guduchi, Giloya | Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thoms. (Guduchi) | Root, stem | Flavonoids, alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes arabinogalactan, syringine, cordiol, cordioside, cordifoliosides (a and b), berberine, tinosporine, giloin, giloinin | Dipana promed | [22,33,94-96] |
Boldo, Boldu, Boldus | Peumus boldus Molina | Leaf | Alkaloids (isoquinoline-boldine, isoboldine, 6a,7-dehydroboldine, isocorydine, isocorydine-n-oxide, norisocorydine, laurolitsine, laurotetanine, n-methyllaurotetanine, reticuline, (-)-pronuciferine, sinoacutine), flavonoids, volatile oil, coumarin, resin, tannin) | Tisane mediflor N°5 hepatıque, natrossil natiris, natusor hepavesical soria natural, prinachol zurita, farmasa, alcafelol luper, berberis complex blackmores, boldina plata, boldopeptan neo quimica, colachofra ems, cynarzym N altana, eparema nycomed, figatil catarinense, gotas digestivas bunker, jurubileno ıbefar | [97-99] |
Greater celandine | Chelidonium majus L. | Aerial parts | Isoquinoline alkaloids, such as sanguinarine, chelidonine, chelerythrine, berberine and coptisine, (-)-turkiyenine) | Livstim mediherb, livton complex mediherb, natusor hepavesical soria natural, schwohepan S schworer, berberis complex blackmores, chelicur hasco-lek, cynarzym N altana, hepatofalk falk, falk, darya-varia | [100-105] |
Gale of the wind | Phyllanthus niruri L. | Whole plant | Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, lignans, polyphenols, tannins, coumarins and saponins | Natrossil natiris, meprofarm, dipana promed, gramuno graha, hepimun landson, ımudator pyridam | [106-108] |
Kutki | Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. | Rhizome, root | Iridoid glycoside (picrovil) | Dipana promed | [109,110] |
Rhubarb | Rheum emodi | Rhizome | Anthraquinone (rhein, chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, emodin, physcion, and their glycosides) and stilbene (picetannol, resveratrol and their glycosides), flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, volatile oils, saponins | Natrossil natiris, boldopeptan neo quimica, eparema nycomed, SIT, hepatofalk falk | [111] |
Magnolia-vine, Schisandra | Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. | Fruit | Dibenzocyclooctadiene derivative lignans (or schisandra lignans), organic acids (citric, malic, fumaric and tartaric acid), sugars, vitamic C, vitamin E, phenolic acids, tannins, phytosterols, essential oil | Curliv soho, soho capsule/syrup, hepacell medikon, hepamax dankos | [31,112,113] |
European black nightshade | Solanum nigrum L. | Whole plant | Glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, polyphenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, protocatechuic acid (pca), caffeic acid, epicatechin, rutin, naringenin) | Liv-52 drops, dipana promed | [114-117] |
French tamaris | Tamarix gallica L. | Aerial parts | Tannin, tamarixin, tamauxetin, troupin, 4-methylcoumarin and 3,3’-di-o-methylellagic acid, tannic acid, 4-methylcoumarin and 3,3’-di-o-methylellagic acid | Liv-52 drops | [118,119] |
Turmeric | Curcuma longa L. | Rhizome | Curcuminoid | Meprofarm, tripid teguhsindo, turmerik knop, aptivium liver support cynergen, chelicur hasco-lek, galena, ıvax, cinarepa cristalfarma, depatox progen, heparviton bode, tempo scan pacific, kalbe, hepatin lapi, falk | [22,31,120] |
Ginger | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Rhizome | Volatile oils, pungent phenol compounds [sesquiterpenoids,beta-sitosterol palmitate, isovanillin, glycol monopalmitate, hexacosanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, maleimide-5-oxime, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde adenine, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 1-(omega-ferulyloxyceratyl) glycerols] | Presselin dyspeptikum presselin, dipana promed, herbal cleanse vitaplex | [121-127] |
Table 3 Commonly used plants on liver disorders and their effect mechanisms
Scientific name | Effect/mechanism on liver | Effect/mechanısm on immun system | Ref. |
Curcuma longa L. | Acute liver damage by chemicals, e.g., ethanol, CCl4, Dimethylnitrosamines | Immunostimulant, immunomodulatory | [18,22-24] |
The extract of the rhizome C. longa increased both Th1 (IL-2 and IFN gamma) and Th2 (IL-10) cytokines indicating its dual immune functions. NR-INF-02 significantly increased the IL-2 and IFN gamma levels in Con A stimulated splenic lymphocytes. The above results indicated that NR-INF-02 showed a specific immunity response by stimulating both Th1 and Th2 cells | |||
Polysaccharide fraction of the rhizome showed potent immunostimulatory activity towards proliferation of splenocytes cell number and IL-10 secretion. Polysaccharides might be contributing to this proliferative and cytokine release property in murine splenocytes | |||
Hot water extracts of the rhizome showed that the high polarity fraction exhibited stimulatory effects on PBMC. The cytokine productions (TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, IL-1alpha, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, etc.) have been modulated by a polysaccharide-enriched fraction.The proportion of CD14 positive stained PBMC was increased by the fraction | |||
Anti-HIV-1 and HIV-2 | |||
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Oxidative stress of the liver bacterial and viral infections anti-inflammatory, acute hepatotoxicity | Immunomodulatory | [18,25] |
Antimicrobial, antifungal | |||
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | Cirrhosis fibrosis chronic viral hepatitis B and C | Immunomodulatory | [18,26,27] |
Leukocyte count and phagocytic index (carbon clearance) was increased significantly with the treatment of water extract of G. glabra root. Zinc (45 mg/kg) in combination with ALE (0.75 g/kg) showed highly significant increase of leukocyte count and phagocytic index | |||
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. | Oxidative stress inflammation and fibrosis alcohol-induced cirrhosis mushroom poisoning viral hepatitis | Immunomodulatory | [18,19] |
Flavonoids from S. marianum normalize immunoregulatory defects via restoration of the cellular thiol status. T-cell activation (CD69), along with a significant decrease in TNF |
- Citation: Balaban YH, Aka C, Koca-Caliskan U. Liver immunology and herbal treatment. World J Hepatol 2017; 9(17): 757-770
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v9/i17/757.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v9.i17.757