Case Control Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Hepatol. Nov 28, 2016; 8(33): 1452-1458
Published online Nov 28, 2016. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i33.1452
Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between the pancreatic hyperechogenicity and control groups
Clinical parametersPancreatic hyperechogenicity (n = 208)Controls (n = 264)P value
Age (yr)60.8 ± 9.456.9 ± 9.8< 0.001
Fatty liver (fatty/non-fatty)113/9593/171< 0.001
Sex (male/female)86/122115/1490.640
Height (cm)157.9 ± 8.4159.3 ± 8.80.085
Weight (kg)61.2 ± 9.456.2 ± 9.3< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)24.4 ± 2.622.1 ± 2.7< 0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg)135.9 ± 15.8129.6 ± 15.7< 0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)83.1 ± 10.279.6 ± 10.2< 0.001
Adiponectin (μg/mL)8.9 (6.5-12.8)11.1 (7.8-15.9)< 0.001
Serum insulin (μU/mL)4.7 (3.4-6.8)3.6 (2.7-5.0)< 0.001
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)94.5 ± 9.290.8 ± 9.7< 0.001
HOMA-IR1.1 (0.7-1.6)0.8 (0.6-1.1)< 0.001
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)58.4 ± 14.263.2 ± 15.40.001
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)127.1 ± 36.1123.8 ± 32.40.310
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)205.9 ± 33.1199.8 ± 34.40.049
Triglyceride (mg/dL)96 (71-135)81 (63-112)< 0.001
Pancreatic isoamylase (U/L)28 (23-34)30 (25-37)0.014
Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (IU/L)23 (20-27)22 (19-28)0.706
Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (IU/L)21 (17-28)20 (15-26)0.011
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (IU/L)24 (17-42)22 (15-33)0.070
Preload plasma glucose (OGTT) (mg/dL)97.4 ± 9.993.1 ± 10.2< 0.001
2-h plasma glucose (OGTT) (mg/dL)114.6 ± 29.7101.1 ± 26.7< 0.001
Data are expressed as means ± SD, or median (25th; 75th percentiles). Unpaired t test or Fisher’s exact test were used to compare the two groups. BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test.
Table 2 Age-adjusted and multivariate odds ratios for pancreatic hyperechogenicity
Confounding factorPancreatic hyperechogenicity (n)Controls (n)Age-adjusted
Multivariate3
Odds ratio (95%CI)P valueOdds ratio (95%CI)P value
Non-fatty liver/fatty liver95/113171/932.6 (1.8-3.9)< 0.0011.77 (1.15-2.72)0.009
BMI (kg/m2), < 25/≥ 25125/83229/355.0 (3.1-8.0)< 0.0013.56 (2.17-5.83)< 0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg), < 130/≥ 13060/148119/1451.6 (1.1-2.5)0.016
Diastolic BP (mmHg), < 85/≥ 85110/98180/841.9 (1.3-2.7)0.001
Adiponectin (μg/mL)10.92 (0.88-0.95)< 0.0010.9 (0.91-0.98)0.004
Serum insulin (μU/mL)2, ≤ 4.0/> 4.083/125153/1112.2 (1.5-3.2)< 0.001
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL), < 110/≥ 110198/10251/130.8 (0.3-1.9)0.593
HOMA-IR, < 2.0/≥ 2.0177/31253/114.4 (2.1-9.1)< 0.0012.4 (1.1-5.1)0.032
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), ≥ 40/< 40194/14253/111.9 (0.8-4.5)0.119
Triglyceride (mg/dL), < 150/≥ 150173/35234/301.7 (1.0-2.9)0.055
Pancreatic isoamylase (U/L)2, ≥ 30/< 3089/119143/1211.7 (1.2-2.5)0.0042.08 (0.95-4.57)0.068
GPT (IU/L), < 35/≥ 35177/31234/301.7 (1.0-2.9)0.069
Preload plasma glucose (OGTT) (mg/dL), < 110/≥ 110189/19247/171.1 (0.6-2.3)0.710
2-h plasma glucose (OGTT) (mg/dL), < 140/≥ 140170/38244/202.4 (1.3-4.3)0.003
1Serum adiponectin was analyzed as a continuous variable;
2The median values for serum insulin and pancreatic isoamylase were used as the cutoff points;
3Adjusted for the age, presence of fatty liver, BMI, systolic BP, diastolic BP, adiponectin, serum insulin, HOMA-IR, triglyceride, pancreatic isoamylase, GPT and 2-h plasma glucose. Odds ratios and 95%CI were estimated using the multiple logistic regression model with backward elimination. BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; GPT: Glutamic pyruvic transaminase; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test.
Table 3 Comparison of baseline characteristics between the pancreatic hyperechogenicity and control groups excluding participants with fatty liver
Clinical parametersPancreatic hyperechogenicity (n = 95)Control (n = 171)P value
Age (yr)62 ± 958 ± 100.001
Sex (male/female)44/5176/950.769
Height (cm)158.0 ± 8.0158.1 ± 9.00.960
Weight (kg)59.5 ± 9.453.9 ± 8.5< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)23.7 ± 2.621.5 ± 2.5< 0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg)133 ± 17130 ± 160.135
Diastolic BP (mmHg)82 ± 1180 ± 100.180
Adiponectin (μg/mL)10.3 (7.6-14.6)12.0 (8.6-17.0)0.022
Serum insulin (μU/mL)4.0 (2.7-5.4)3.3 (2.5-4.5)0.004
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)93 ± 890 ± 100.026
HOMA-IR0.9 (0.59-1.28)0.71 (0.54-1.02)0.002
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)60 ± 1566 ± 150.001
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)124 ± 35122 ± 330.708
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)202 ± 33199 ± 360.464
Triglyceride (mg/dL)87 (66-133)76 (59-96)0.005
Pancreatic isoamylase (U/L)29 (24-35)31 (25-37)0.054
Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (IU/L)22 (19-25)23 (19-28)0.189
Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (IU/L)19 (16-23)20 (15-25)0.937
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (IU/L)21 (16-40)21 (15-32)0.266
Preload plasma glucose (OGTT) (mg/dL)96 ± 992 ± 100.009
2-h plasma glucose (OGTT) (mg/dL)107 ± 29100 ± 280.063
Data are expressed as means ± SD, or median (25th; 75th percentiles). Unpaired t test or Fisher’s exact test were used to compare the two groups. BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test.
Table 4 Multivariate association analysis of clinical parameters for pancreatic hyperechogenicity excluding participants with fatty liver
Multivariate2
Confounding factorOdds ratio (95%CI)P value
BMI (kg/m2)3.89 (2.39-6.35)< 0.001
Adiponectin (μg/mL)10.93 (0.90-0.97)< 0.001
HOMA-IR2.23 (1.02-4.89)0.045
1Serum adiponectin was analyzed as a continuous variable;
2Adjusted for age, BMI, diastolic BP, adiponectin, serum insulin, HOMA-IR, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride and pancreatic isoamylase. Odds ratios and 95%CI were estimated using the multiple logistic regression model with backward elimination. CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.