Autoantibodies in chronic hepatitis C: A clinical perspective

Table 1 Prevalence of non-organ specific autoantibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C

Antibody	%	n	Titer	Country	Year	Ref.
SMA	78	25/40	-	Taiwan	2001	Peng et al[16]
	74.5	76/102	> 1:80	Greece	2007	Gatselis et al[23]
	66.2	43/65	> 1:20	Germany	1995	Clifford et al[17]
	55	34/62	> 1:20	United States	1993	Fried et al[18]
	27.3	137/502	> 1:40	Italy multicenter	2004	Stroffolini et al[19]
	26	9/35	> 1:40	India	2012	Daschakraborty et al[24]
	26.7	12/45	> 1:40	Brazil	2013	Marconcini et al[20]
	20	59/290	> 1:40	Italy	1997	Cassani et al[21]
	17.8	62/348	> 1:40	Italy	2005	Muratori et al[33]
	15	28/186	> 1:80	France	2009	Chrétien et al[25]
	12.7	36/283	> 1:40	Italy	2003	Squadrito et al[44]
	9.6	7/52	> 1:40	Iran	2006	Daryani et al[67]
	5.4	5/92	-	Brazil	2010	Badiani et al[26]
	4.3	6/138	> 1:40	Greece	2007	Rigopoulou et al[43]
ANA	54	55/102	> 1:80	Greece	2007	Gatselis et al[23]
	32	60/186	> 1:80	France	2009	Chrétien et al[25]
	22.9	11/48	> 1:50	Taiwan	2001	Peng et al[16]
	21	13/62	> 1:80	United States	1993	Fried et al[18]
	20	7/35	> 1:80	India	2012	Daschakraborty et al[24]
	19.9	79/502	> 1:40	Italy multicenter	2004	Stroffolini et al[19]
	14	13/92	> 1:80	Germany	1995	Clifford et al[17]
	12	11/92	> 1:80	Brazil	2010	Badiani et al[26]
	11.5	6/52	> 1:40	Iran	2006	Daryani et al[67]
	9.4	22/234	> 1:80	Brazil	2009	Narciso-Schiavon et al[46]
	9	26/290	> 1:40	Italy	1997	Cassani et al[21]
	7.8	50/645	> 1:40	Europe multicenter	2004	Yee et al[47]
	7.7	22/283	> 1:40	Italy	2003	Squadrito et al[44]
	7.6	5/66	> 1:40	Brazil	2013	Marconcini et al[20]
	6	21/348	> 1:40	Italy	2005	Muratori et al[33]
	5.8	14/243	> 1:80	Taiwan	2012	Hsieh et al[45]
	3.6	5/138	> 1:40	Greece	2007	Rigopoulou et al[43]
Anti-LKM1	13	18/138	> 1:40	Greece	2007	Rigopoulou et al[43]
	8	28/348	> 1:80	Italy	2005	Muratori et al[33]
	6.8	3/44	> 1:40	Brazil	2013	Marconcini et al[20]
	6	18/290	> 1:40	Italy	1997	Cassani et al[21]
	3	3/102	> 1:40	Greece	2007	Gatselis et al[23]
	2.2	11/502	> 1:40	Italy multicenter	2004	Stroffolini et al[19]
	2	1/41	> 1:10	Germany	1995	Clifford et al[17]
	1.9	1/52	-	Iran	2006	Daryani et al[67]
	0.7	2/283	> 1:40	Italy	2003	Squadrito et al[44]
	0.5	1/186	> 1:40	France	2009	Chrétien et al[25]
	0	0/35	> 1:80	India	2012	Daschakraborty et al[24]
	0	0/92	-	Brazil	2010	Badiani et al[26]
	0	0/62	-	United States	1993	Fried et al[18]
	0	0/24	> 1:10	United States	1992	Czaja et al[22]

SMA: Smooth muscle antibody; ANA: Antinuclear antibody; LKM1: Anti-liver kidney microsome-1.

Table 2 The influence of non-organ specific autoantibodies in interferon based treatment outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis C

Ref.	Country	n	Treatment	NOSA evaluated in the study	Titers of NOSA increasedduring treatment	Development of NOSAduring treatment	Autoimmune diseasetriggered during treatment	Influence on SVR2
Lopes et al[74]	Brazil	21	IFN-α	ANA, SMA, AMA, etc.	↑	ANA	N	N
Cassani et al[21]	Italy	144	IFN-α	ANA, SMA	N/A	N/A	N/A	N
Muratori et al[69]	Italy	221	IFN-α	ANA, SMA, LKM1	N/A	ANA, SMA	2 ALT flare 7-10 xULN	Y
Wasmuth et al[66]	Germany	48	IFN-α + RBV	ANA, SMA, LKM1, AMA, ANCA	N/A	N/A	N/A	Y
Yee et al[47]	Europe multicenter	258	IFN-α	ANA	N/A	N/A	N/A	N
Stroffolini et al[19]	Italy	502	IFN-α + RBV	ANA, SMA, LKM1, AMA	N/A	N/A	N	N
Muratori et al[65]	Italy	143	IFN-α + RBV	ANA, SMA, LKM1	↑	Y	N	N
Gatselis et al[68]	Greece	57	IFN-α + RBV	ANA, SMA, LKM1, AMA, ANCA, etc.	↑	ANA, LKM1, ANCA	N	Y
Gatselis et al[23]	Greece	102	IFN-α/PEG + RBV	ANA, SMA, LKM1, AMA, ANCA, etc.	↑	Y	N	Y
Daryani et al[67]	Iran	52	IFN-α + RBV	ANA, SMA, LKM1, AMA	N/A	N/A	N/A	N
Narciso-Schiavon et al[46]	Brazil	234	IFN-α + RBV	ANA	N/A	N/A	N	N
Bai et al[76]	China	46	IFN-α	ANA, LKM1	N/A	N/A	N	N
Hsieh et al[45]	Taiwan	243	PEG + RBV	ANA, SMA, LKM1, AMA, ANCA	N/A	N/A	ALT flare	Y
Mauss et al[77]	Germany	12369	PEG + RBV	ANA, SMA, LKM1, AMA	N/A	N/A	N	N
Khairy et al[78]	Egypt	3673	PEG + RBV	ANA	N/A	N/A	N	N

¹Children;

²Higher sustained virological response rates in NOSA negative group. NOSA: Non-organ specific autoantibodies; IFN-α: Interferon alpha; SVR: Sustained virological response; ANA: Antinuclear antibody; SMA: Smooth muscle antibody; xULN: Times the upper limit of normality; RBV: Ribavirin; AMA: Anti-mitochondrial antibodies; LKM1: Liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody; ANCA: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; PEG: Pegylated interferon alpha; ↑: Increase; N: No; Y: Yes; N/A: Not available; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.

Table 3 Prevalence of serum thyroid autoantibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C

Autoantibody	%	n	Positive values (U/mL)	Country	Year	Ref.
TAAb	25	132/630	> 150	Italy	2004	Antonelli et al[87]
	14	9/66	> 50/100	France	1992	Pateron et al[159]
	12.5	9/76	-	France	1993	Tran et al[89]
	9.4	42/449	≥ 100	Taiwan	2012	Huang et al[88]
	9.7	7/72	-	Italy	2002	Carella et al[90]
	7	5/71	≥ 60	Greece	2011	Vasiliadis et al[10]
	6.7	14/207	-	Spain	1996	Marazuela et al[91]
	5.6	4/71	≥ 100	Italy	2006	Floreani et al[29]
	4.5	5/111	≥ 100	United Kingdom	1997	Metcalfe et al[92]
TPOAb	30.8	60/195	≥ 50	China	2011	Yang et al[28]
	21	132/630	> 150	Italy	2004	Antonelli et al[87]
	20	26/134	> 150	Spain	1998	Fernandez-Soto et al[95]
	16.3	51/312	> 35	China	2013	Shao et al[34]
	15	30/200	> 18	Greece	1997	Deutsch et al[94]
	14	9/66	> 50/100	France	1992	Pateron et al[159]
	10	3/32	> 100	Italy	1996	Roti et al[97]
	7.4	4/54	-	Brazil	2013	Marconcini et al[20]
	6.7	13/192	> 100	Spain	1995	Boadas et al[93]
	6.5	29/449	≥ 100	Taiwan	2012	Huang et al[88]
	5.4	9/168	-	France	2005	Moncoucy et al[96]
	3.5	9/254	> 60	Norway	2002	Dalgard et al[102]
TGAb	30.8	60/195	≥ 40	China	2011	Yang et al[28]
	17	108/630	> 150	Italy	2004	Antonelli et al[87]
	13.3	44/312	> 35	China	2013	Shao et al[34]
	11	15/134	> 200	Spain	1998	Fernandez-Soto et al[95]
	10	13/130	-	Taiwan	1999	Huang et al[98]
	8	13/162	-	France	2005	Moncoucy et al[96]
	7.6	5/66	≥ 50	France	1992	Pateron et al[159]
	5.8	13/449	≥ 100	Taiwan	2012	Huang et al[88]
	0	0/48	-	Brazil	2013	Marconcini et al[20]

TAAb: Thyroid autoantibodies; TPOAb: Anti thyroperoxidase; TGAb: Antithyroglobulin antibody.

Table 4 Prevalence of celiac disease autoantibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C

Autoantibody	%	n	Country	Year	Ref.
AGA	32	82/359	United States	2001	Fine et al[142]
	11	11/104	Sweden	1997	Sjöberg et al[141]
	6.3	37/583	France multicenter	2007	Thevenot et al[145]
EmA/tTG	3.5	7/195	Italy	2004	Durante-Mangoni et al[14]
	2.0	5/244	Italy	2007	Ruggeri et al[36]
	1.2	3/259	United States	2001	Fine et al[142]
	0	0/210	Italy	2012	Gravina et al[35]
EmA	5.8	3/52	Brazil	2013	Marconcini et al[20]
	0.2	1/623	France multicenter	2007	Thevenot et al[145]
	0	0/195	United States	2008	Hernandez et al[40]
tTG	1	2/195	United States	2008	Hernandez et al[40]
	0	0/34	Brazil	2013	Marconcini et al[20]
	0	0/41	France multicenter	2007	Thevenot et al[145]

AGA: Antigliadin antibody; EmA: Anti-endomysial antibody; tTG: Tissue transglutaminase; EmA: Endomysial antibodies.