Occult hepatitis B virus co-infection in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: A review of prevalence, diagnosis and clinical significance

Table 1 Reported prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected subjects n (%)

Ref.	Country	OBI prevalence
		Overall	Anti-HBsAg-/anti-HBcAg+	Anti-HBsAg+/anti-HBcAg+	Anti-HBsAg-/anti-HBcAg-
Alvarez-Muñoz et al[17]	Mexico	24 (49.0)	5 (10.2)	8 (16.3)	11 (22.4)
Araujo et al[18]	Brazil	6 (14.0)	1 (2.3)	5 (10.2)	ND
Attia et al[45]	Africa	40 (21.3)	40 (21.3)	ND	ND
Azadmanesh et al[46]	Iran	3 (13.6)	2 (9.1)	ND	1 (4.5)
Bagaglio et al[47]	Italy	9 (31.0)	9 (31.0)	ND	ND
Bell et al[48]	Africa	45 (15.1)	16 (5.4)	17 (5.7)	12 (4.0)
Bloquel et al[38]	France	3 (0.8)	2 (0.5)	ND	1 (0.3)
Chadwick et al[49]	England	15 (4.5)	5 (1.5)	101 (3.0)	ND
Coffin et al[50]	Canada	19 (42.0)	ND	19 (42.2)	ND
Dapena et al[51]	Spain	6 (2.4)	2 (0.8)	4 (1.6)	ND
Filippini et al[13]	Italy	17 (20.0)	11 (12.8)	3 (3.5)	3 (3.5)
Firnhaber et al[23]	Africa	38 (88.4)	38 (88.4)	ND	ND
Gupta et al[30]	India	24 (45.3)	13 (24.5)	11 (20.8)	ND
Hakeem et al[52]	Scotland	2 (2.8)	2( 2.9)	ND	ND
Jardim et al[19]	Brazil	8 (5.0)	2 (1.3)	6 (3.8)	ND
Khamduang et al[35]	Thailand	47 (23.5)	47 (23.5)	ND	ND
Liang et al[53]	Taiwan	3 (2.3)	3 (2.3)	ND	ND
Lo Re et al[54]	United States	17 (10.0)	10 (5.6)	7 (3.9)	ND
Loustaud-Ratti et al[55]	France	31 (44.3)	20 (28.6)	11 (15.7)	ND
Morsica et al[56]	Italy	27 (15.4)	9 (5.1)	18 (10.3)	ND
Mphahlele et al[57]	Africa	31 (18.6)2	5 (3.0)	26 (15.6)	ND
N’Dri-Yoman et al[24]	Africa	51 (10.0)	51 (11.8)	ND	ND
Neau et al[58]	France	1 (0.6)	1 (0.6)	ND	ND
Nebbia et al[59]	England	48 (14.0)	48 (14.0)	ND	ND
Opaleye et al[25]	Nigeria	21 (11.2)	8 (4.3)	9 (4.8)	2 (1.1)
Panigrahi et al[26]	India	12 (10.7)	9 (8.0)	3 (2.7)	ND
Santos et al[20]	Brazil	16 (15.8)2	4 (4.0)	12 (11.9)	ND
Sen et al[27]	India	1 (5.6)2	1 (5.6)	ND	ND
Shire et al[60]	United States	4 (10.5)	4 (10.5)	ND	ND
Shire et al[61]	United States	12 (30.2)	3 (7.0)	51 (11.6)	5 (11.6)
Sucupira et al[21]	Brazil	6 (18.8)2	3 (9.4)	3 (9.4)	ND
Torres Barranda et al[22]	Mexico	7 (18.4)	1 (2.6)	1 (2.6)	5 (13.2)
Tramuto et al[62]	Italy	24 (5.9)	8 (2.0)	71 (1.7)	9 (2.2)
Tsui et al[63]	United States	8 (2.0)	8 (2.0)	ND	ND

¹In some studies the anti-HBsAg positive group was also included;

²Prevalence calculated using the reported data; anti-HBsAg+, antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen positive; anti-HBcAg+ antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen positive. Prevalence (%) were included for each group of patients studied according the HBV serological markers (Anti-HBsAg-/anti-HBcAg+, Anti-HBsAg+/anti-HBcAg+, Anti-HBsAg-/anti-HBcAg-). ND: Not determined because this group was not included in the study; OBI: Occult hepatitis B infection; anti-HBsAg: Anti-hepatitis B surface antigen; anti-HBcAg: Anti-hepatitis B core antigen.