Diagnostic and therapeutic application of noncoding RNAs for hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Representative noncoding RNAs in sera for Hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis

MiRNA	Expression levels in HCC	Possible targets	Ref.
MiR21	Upregulated	PTEN, AKT, C/EBPb	[32,39,58]
MiR222	Upregulated	PP2A, p27, DDIT4	[42,43,59]
MiR223	Upregulated	Stathmin	[44]
HULC	Upregulated	IGF2BP1	[45-47]

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HULC: Highly up-regulated in liver cancer; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin-like protein; AKT: V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog; C/EBPb: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta; PP2A: Protein phosphatase 2A; IGF2BP1: Insulin-like growth factor 2 MRNA binding protein 1.

Table 2 Representative noncoding RNAs under clinical and preclinical trials for hepatocellular carcinoma therapeutics

Target	Name	Content	Vendor	Current status
MiR34	MRX34	Liposome-formulated miR-34 mimic	Mirna Therapeutics	Phase I
VEGF/KSP	ALN-VSP	RNAi targeting VEGF/KSP	Alnylam Pharmaceuticals	Phase I
PLK1	TMK-PLK1	RNAi targeting PLK1	Tekmira Pharmaceuticals	Phase I/II
MiR21	Anti-miR21	Antisense against miR21	Regulus Therapeutics	Preclinical
MiR221	Anti-miR221	Antisense against miR221	Regulus Therapeutics	Preclinical
MiR7	MiR7 mimic	MiR7 mimic	MiReven	Preclinical

VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; KSP: Kidney-specific cadherin; PLK1: Polo-like kinase 1.