Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Hepatol. Jul 27, 2025; 17(7): 109067
Published online Jul 27, 2025. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i7.109067
Table 1 Electrogastrogram characteristics in type 2 diabetes patients
EGG parameters
Proportions (%)
Average pre-meal slow-wave ratio52.19
Average postprandial slow wave ratio53.57
Average proportion of pre-meal bradygastria23.05
Average proportion of postprandial bradygastria23.50
Average proportion of pre-meal tachygasria18.82
Average proportion of postprandial tachygasria19.48
Average proportion of pre-meal rhythm disturbance8.62
Average proportion of postprandial rhythm disturbance5.55
ECG: Electrogastrogram.
Table 2 Clinical and biochemical characteristics in the diabetic gastric motility disorders group and non-diabetic gastric motility disorders group, n (%)/mean ± SD/median (25th-75th percentiles)
Variables
DGMD (n = 90)
NDGMD (n = 182)
P value
Gender (male vs female)52.22% vs 47.78%54.40% vs 45.60%0.735
Age (year)52.77 ± 12.75753.4 ± 11.4930.683
Duration (year)10 (5-15)6 (2-10)< 0.01b
BMI (kg/m2)26.501 ± 3.851 24.754 ± 3.722< 0.01b
FBG (mmol/L)13.53 (8.1-16.04)9.14 (6.69-12.48)< 0.01b
Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL)1.785 (1.188-2.51)1.485 (0.89-2.023)< 0.01b
C-peptide 2h postprandial (ng/mL)3.56 (2.17- 6.213)3.145 (1.86-4.73)< 0.05a
HbA1c (%)10.353 ± 2.2019.401 ± 2.184< 0.01b
TG (mmol/L)4.85 (4.07-5.71)4.9 (4.07-5.79)0.768
TC (mmol/L)1.6 (1.19-2.705)1.43 (1.04-2.87)0.461
LDL-C (mmol/L)3.132 ± 1.0553.183 ± 1.0610.724
HDL-C (mmol/L)1.14 (1.01-1.39)1.16 (0.98-1.41)0.552
Cr (μmol/L)58.231 ± 18.47759.277 ± 19.8780.752
ALT (mmol/L)20.4 (15.175-26.6)18.75 (14.7-25.6)0.092
AST (mmol/L)18.55 (15.7-22.325)17.4 (14-22.475)0.199
25(OH)D (ng/mL)17.140 ± 5.75621.416 ± 7.234< 0.01b
DR (Y:N)124.72% vs 75.28%34.44% vs 65.56%0.105
DPN (Y:N)41.11% vs 58.89%48.90% vs 51.10%0.225
DN (Y:N)10.11% vs 89.89%11.60% vs 88.40%0.714
CP (Y:N)52.27% vs 47.73%52.75% vs 47.25%0.942
HBP (Y:N)38.20% vs 61.80%34.62% vs 65.38%0.563
MASLD (Y:N) 62.92% vs 37.08%21.98% vs 78.02%< 0.01b
aP < 0.05.
bP < 0.01. P values for differences between two groups were obtained by two-sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test or χ2 test.
1Y: N: Indicates that the number of people with this disease vs those without.
BMI: Body mass index; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin A1c; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-c: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; Cr: Creatinine; ALT: Alanine transminase; AST: Aspertate aminotransferase; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; DPN: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DN: Diabetic nephropathy; DCAN: Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy; CP: Carotid plaque; HBP: High blood pressure; DGMD: Diabetic gastric motility disorders; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
Table 3 Diabetic gastric motility disorders as dependent variable in multiple logistic regression analysis1
Variables
β
OR (95%CI)
P value
Duration0.0661.068 (1.012-1.126)< 0.01b
FBG0.1311.14 (1.059-1.226)< 0.01b
25(OH)D-0.0610.941 (0.893-0.991)< 0.05a
MASLD0.9352.548 (1.204-5.396)< 0.05a
BMI0.0971.102 (0.999-1.215)0.051
HbA1c0.1931.212 (0.987-1.489)0.066
Fasting C-peptide0.2441.276 (0.728-2.237)0.395
C-peptide 2h postprandial0.0221.022 (0.839-1.244)0.829
aP < 0.05.
bP < 0.01.
1In logistic regression analysis, diabetic gastric motility disorders, as dependent variable, and the other 5 variables, duration, fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c, Vit-D, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, as independent variables, were included in the same model. Duration, fasting blood glucose, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease were the risk factors of diabetic gastric motility disorders.
BMI: Body mass index; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin A1c; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
Table 4 Receiver operating characteristic curves comparing the potential of different variables to predict diabetic gastric motility disorders
Variables
AUC
95%CI
Sensitivity
Specificity
FBG0.7080.635-0.7670.4940.824
FBG+Duration0.7150.672-0.8120.7820.635
FBG+Duration+25(OH)D0.7500.697-0.8200.7650.648
FBG+Duration+25(OH)D+MASLD0.7770.710-0.8430.5880.82
AUC: Area under the curve; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
Table 5 Electrogastrogram characteristics in the metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease group and non-metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease group, means ± SD
Variables
MASLD (n = 96)
NMASLD (n = 176)
P value
Pre-meal slow-wave ratio45.009 ± 10.36456.106 ± 14.401< 0.01b
Postprandial slow wave ratio42.664 ± 11.70559.520 ± 12.375< 0.05a
Pre-meal bradygastria ratio23.323 ± 9.47622.902 ± 10.3640.742
Postprandial bradygastria ratio30.009 ± 8.78819.945 ± 9.280< 0.05a
Pre-meal tachygasria ratio18.365 ± 8.36719.063 ± 8.7310.523
Postprandial tachygasria ratio26.445 ± 9.28415.673 ± 7.342< 0.05a
Pre-meal rhythm disturbance ratio12.186 ± 5.3796.681 ± 3.812< 0.05a
Postprandial rhythm disturbance ratio5.898 ± 3.0955.362 ± 3.3610.198
aP < 0.05.
bP < 0.01. P values for differences between two groups were obtained by two-sample t-test.
MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; NMASLD: Non-metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
Table 6 Electrogastrogram characteristics in the non-metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease group, mild metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease group, moderate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease group and severe metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease group, means ± SD
Group
NMASLD, n = 176
Mi-MASLD, n = 80
Mo-MASLD, n = 12
S-MASLD, n = 4
F
P value
Pre-meal slow-wave ratio56.106 ± 14.40145.883 ± 10.458a40.493 ± 8.186a41.073 ± 12.732a15.5260.000
Postprandial slow wave ratio59.520 ± 12.37542.445 ± 11.414a45.981 ± 14.767a37.083 ± 4.608a40.4530.000
Pre-meal bradygastria ratio22.902 ± 10.36422.813 ± 9.673526.315 ± 8.79324.555 ± 4.4630.4770.698
Pre-meal bradygastria ratio19.945 ± 9.28029.684 ± 9.053a30.833 ± 8.066a34.050 ± 4.623a25.5070.000
Pre-meal tachygasria ratio19.063 ± 8.731b17.148 ± 7.331b24.415 ± 11.50324.555 ± 8.9153.4340.018
Postprandial tachygasria ratio, pre-meal rhythm disturbance ratio15.673 ± 7.342, 6.681 ± 3.81226.160 ± 9.528a, 11.680 ± 4.743a27.973 ± 9.408a, 14.223 ± 6.335a27.560 ± 1.032a, 16.198 ± 11.482a,c36.827, 34.9410.000, 0.000
Postprandial rhythm disturbance ratio5.362 ± 3.3615.819 ± 3.0445.692 ± 3.5778.098 ± 2.3511.1910.314
aP < 0.0083, vs non-metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) group.
bP < 0.0083 vs mild MASLD group.
cP < 0.0083 vs moderate MASLD. P values for differences between four groups were obtained by one-way analysis of variance (Bonferroni correction).
NMASLD: Non-metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; Mi-MASLD: Mild metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; Mo-MASLD: Moderate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; S-MASLD: Severe metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
Table 7 Proportion of missing values
Variables
Proportion of missing values, %
HbA1c2.6
FBG5.5
25(OH)D25.7
HDL-C12.9
LDL-C11.0
Fasting C-peptide2.9
C-peptide 2h postprandial4.0
FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin A1c; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol.