Triglyceride-glucose-waist circumference index: A powerful tool for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Table 1 Different biomarkers for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease assessment

Index/biomarker	Abbreviation	Formula	Ref.
Body mass index	BMI	Weight (kg)/height² (m²)	Ma et al[83]
Dallas steatosis index	DSI		McHenry et al[84], McHenry et al[85]
Fatty liver index	FLI	[e0953 × ln (TG) + 0.139 × BMI + 0.718 × ln (GGT) + 0.053 × WC - 15.745]/[1 + e0953 × ln (TG) + 0.139 × BMI + 0.718 × ln (GGT) + 0.053 × WC - 15.745) × 100]	Bedogni et al[76]
Fibroblast growth 21	FGF-21	Molecular kits	Gallego-Durán et al[86], Keskin et al[87]
Framingham steatosis index	FSI	-7.981 + 0.011 × age - (0.146 × sex, female = 1, male = 0) + 0.173 × BMI + 0.007 × TG + (0.593 × hypertension, yes = 1, no = 0) + (0.789 × diabetes, yes = 1, no = 0) + (1.1 × ALT/AST ratio ≥ 1.33, yes = 1, no = 0)	Long et al[88]
Hepatic steatosis index	HSI	8 × ALT/AST ratio + BMI (+ 2, if diabetes mellitus; + 2, if woman)	Lee et al[77], Chung et al[89]
Homeostatic model assessment	HOMA	Fasting glucose × fasting insulin/405	Matthews et al[90]
Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2	LECT2	Molecular kits	Suzuki et al[91]
Lipid accumulation product	LAP	WC and fasting plasma TG: LAP = (WC – 65) × TG for men, and LAP = (WC – 58) × TG for women	Ebrahimi et al[92], Li et al[93]
Micro RNA	MiR-122-5p, miR-151a-3p, miR-126-5p and miR-21-5p	Molecular kits	Tobaruela-Resola et al[75]
N3 MASH for MASLD	N3-MASH	N3-MASH = 5.278 × log10(CK-18) + 4.423 × log10(CXCL10) + 1.833 × BMI – 21.652	Zhang et al[94]
N7 MASH for MASLD	N7-MASH	N7-MASH = 3.639 × log10(CK-18) + 4.811 × log10(CXCL10) + 2.911 × log10(squalene epoxidase) + 0.050 × ALT + 0.869 × glycated hemoglobin – 0.117 × AST + 1.193 × BMI – 33.023	Zhang et al[94]
Triglyceride-glucose index	TyG	Ln (TG × glucose/2)	Simental-Mendía et al[95], Zou et al[96]
TyG-BMI	TyG-BMI	BMI × TyG index	Khamseh et al[81], Zou et al[96]
TyG-HDL cholesterol	TyG-HDL-c	TyG/HDL cholesterol
TyG-WC	TyG-WC	TyG index × WC	Khamseh et al[81]
TyG-waist-to-height ratio	TyG-WHtr	TyG index × WC/height	Zhang et al[82]
TyG-weight-adjusted-waist index	TyG-WWI	TyG index × WC/weight	Zhang et al[82]
Uric acid	UA	Plasma/urine concentrations	Chang et al[97], Fukuda et al[98]
Uric acid to creatinine ratio	UACR	UA/creatinine	Choi et al[99], Wang et al[100]
Visceral adiposity index	VAI	WC/(39.68 + 1.88 × BMI) × (TG/1.03) × (1.31/HDL)	Amato et al[101], Liu et al[102]
Visceral fat	VF	Measured by bioelectrical impedance/magnetic resonance imaging	Lee et al[103]
Waist circumference	WC	Measuring tape	Pustjens et al[104]
Waist-to-height ratio	WHtr	WC/height	Sheng et al[105]
Waist to hip ratio	WHr	WC/hip circumference as measured by measuring tape	Song et al[106]
Weight-adjusted-waist index	WWI	WC/weight	Park et al[107], Lian et al[108]
Zhejiang university index	ZJU	BMI + fasting plasma glucose + TG + 3 × ALT/AST ratio (+ 2, if woman)	Wang et al[109], Ma et al[110]

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; CK-18: Cytokeratin-18; CXCL10: C-X-C motif ligand 10; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LAP: Lipid accumulation product; MASH: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MiR: Micro RNA; TG: Triglycerides; TyG: Triglyceride-Glucose; UA: Uric acid; WC: Waist circumference.