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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Hepatol. Mar 27, 2025; 17(3): 103537
Published online Mar 27, 2025. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i3.103537
Published online Mar 27, 2025. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i3.103537
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with steatotic liver disease with and without dietary supplement use, % (SE)
Variable | No dietary supplement use (n = 1355) | Dietary supplement use (n = 1058) | P value |
Age | < 0.001 | ||
18-39 years old | 40.1 (3.0) | 13.5 (2.4) | |
40-59 years old | 37.8 (3.0) | 36.9 (3.2) | |
≥ 60 years old | 22.0 (3.6) | 49.6 (3.9) | |
Female | 39.3 (2.6) | 49.2 (3.1) | 0.02 |
Race/ethnicity | 0.001 | ||
Mexican American | 20.0 (3.5) | 5.4 (1.2) | |
Other Hispanic | 7.5 (1.0) | 4.9 (1.2) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 53.5 (3.8) | 76.7 (2.7) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 9.0 (1.4) | 6.6 (1.5) | |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 3.8 (0.7) | 4.6 (1.1) | |
Other | 6.5 (1.8) | 1.8 (0.6) | |
Marital status | 0.01 | ||
Married/living with partner | 66.1 (4.3) | 72.8 (3.4) | |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 14.7 (2.7) | 17.9 (1.5) | |
Never married | 19.2 (3.1) | 9.3 (2.6) | |
High school graduate/GED | 86.5 (1.2) | 93.0 (0.7) | < 0.001 |
Full food security | 73.5 (2.0) | 85.9 (1.6) | < 0.001 |
SNAP participation1 | 50.5 (4.3) | 47.5 (6.5) | 0.62 |
Obesity | 73.1 (3.0) | 67.1 (3.1) | 0.12 |
Poverty income ratio > 185% | 63.8 (3.0) | 79.4 (1.6) | 0.001 |
Diabetes | 25.3 (2.1) | 35.9 (4.0) | 0.03 |
Current smoker | 34.5 (4.2) | 25.7 (4.3) | 0.14 |
Hypertension | 39.6 (3.7) | 62.1 (4.3) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 72.5 (3.3) | 62.7 (3.7) | 0.07 |
Advanced fibrosis | 6.1 (1.2) | 8.3 (2.4) | 0.41 |
Liver disease etiology | 0.02 | ||
MASLD | 94.1 (0.7) | 91.0 (1.9) | |
MetALD | 3.9 (0.6) | 8.4 (1.9) | |
ALD | 1.7 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.4) | |
Cryptogenic/specific | 0.3 (0.2) | 0 (0) | |
Aware of liver disease diagnosis | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.81 |
Table 2 Top 10 reported motivations for dietary supplement use among patients with steatotic liver disease (All product types = 3792)
Motivation | % (SE) |
Doctor’s advice | 36.7 (1.8) |
To improve overall health | 22.1 (2.0) |
To maintain health | 19.2 (1.9) |
To prevent health problems | 9.9 (1.2) |
For bone health | 9.7 (0.9) |
To supplement diet | 9.5 (1.1) |
To boost immunity | 7.6 (1.2) |
For heart health | 7.7 (1.5) |
For healthy joints | 5.4 (1.0) |
For healthy hair/nails | 5.1 (1.1) |
Table 3 Top 10 reported motivations of patients with steatotic liver disease with exclusive non-vitamin and non-mineral dietary supplement use
Motivation | % (SE) |
To improve overall health | 41.1 (9.4) |
Doctor’s advice | 15.2 (7.0) |
For bowel health | 7.6 (5.7) |
To maintain health | 10.8 (3.3) |
To prevent health problems | 7.2 (3.0) |
For stress | 6.9 (4.1) |
For blood sugar | 6.1 (2.8) |
To boost immunity | 6.0 (3.3) |
For heart health | 5.2 (1.6) |
For healthy joints | 4.8 (2.1) |
Table 4 Top 10 dietary supplements per category among patients with steatotic liver disease
Dietary supplement | % (SE) |
Vitamins | |
Vitamin B complex | 16.2 (0.6) |
Vitamin D | 6.7 (0.4) |
Vitamin C | 4.2 (0.3) |
Folate and derivates | 2.9 (0.2) |
Vitamin E and derivates | 2.8 (0.2) |
Vitamin A | 2.2 (0.1) |
Vitamin K and derivates | 1.2 (0.2) |
Choline | 0.6 (0.1) |
Minerals | |
Calcium | 4.1 (0.2) |
Magnesium | 3.0 (0.2) |
Zinc | 2.2 (0.2) |
Copper | 1.8 (0.1) |
Selenium | 1.6 (0.1) |
Manganese | 1.6 (0.2) |
Chromium | 1.6 (0.1) |
Iron | 1.5 (0.2) |
Iodine | 1.4 (0.1) |
Molybdenum | 1.2 (0.1) |
Botanicals | |
Turmeric | 0.5 (0.1) |
Saw palmetto | 0.3 (0.1) |
Cinnamon | 0.3 (0.1) |
Gingko biloba | 0.3 (0.1) |
Olive | 0.2 (0.04) |
Cranberry | 0.2 (0.1) |
Grape | 0.2 (0.1) |
Green tea | 0.1 (0.1) |
Garlic | 0.1 (0.03) |
Ginger | 0.1 (0.04) |
Amino acids | |
Taurine | 2.6 (0.1) |
Cysteine and derivatives | 1.6 (0.1) |
Glycine | 0.2 (0.1) |
Lysine | 0.2 (0.1) |
Glutamic acid and derivates | 0.1 (0.1) |
Alanine | 0.1 (0.1) |
Tyrosine | 0.1 (0.1) |
Arginine and derivates | 0.1 (0.1) |
Carnitine | 0.1 (0.04) |
Leucine | 0.1 (0.1) |
Other supplements | |
Omega 3 supplements | 3.1 (0.2) |
Fish oil | 1.2 (0.1) |
Lutein | 0.8 (0.1) |
Inositol | 0.7 (0.2) |
Lycopene | 0.7 (0.1) |
Glucosamine | 0.6 (0.1) |
Coenzyme Q10 | 0.5 (0.1) |
Fiber | 0.5 (0.1) |
Chloride | 0.4 (0.1) |
Melatonin | 0.3 (0.1) |
- Citation: Wang M, Jutras G, Cullaro G, Dhruva A, Lai JC. Patterns of dietary supplement use among United States patients with steatotic liver disease: Vitamins, minerals and botanicals. World J Hepatol 2025; 17(3): 103537
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v17/i3/103537.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v17.i3.103537