Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Hepatol. Mar 27, 2025; 17(3): 103537
Published online Mar 27, 2025. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i3.103537
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with steatotic liver disease with and without dietary supplement use, % (SE)
Variable
No dietary supplement use (n = 1355)
Dietary supplement use (n = 1058)
P value
Age< 0.001
18-39 years old40.1 (3.0)13.5 (2.4)
40-59 years old37.8 (3.0)36.9 (3.2)
≥ 60 years old22.0 (3.6)49.6 (3.9)
Female39.3 (2.6)49.2 (3.1)0.02
Race/ethnicity0.001
Mexican American20.0 (3.5)5.4 (1.2)
Other Hispanic7.5 (1.0)4.9 (1.2)
Non-Hispanic White53.5 (3.8)76.7 (2.7)
Non-Hispanic Black9.0 (1.4)6.6 (1.5)
Non-Hispanic Asian3.8 (0.7)4.6 (1.1)
Other6.5 (1.8)1.8 (0.6)
Marital status0.01
Married/living with partner66.1 (4.3)72.8 (3.4)
Widowed/divorced/separated14.7 (2.7)17.9 (1.5)
Never married19.2 (3.1)9.3 (2.6)
High school graduate/GED86.5 (1.2)93.0 (0.7)< 0.001
Full food security73.5 (2.0)85.9 (1.6)< 0.001
SNAP participation150.5 (4.3)47.5 (6.5)0.62
Obesity73.1 (3.0)67.1 (3.1)0.12
Poverty income ratio > 185%63.8 (3.0)79.4 (1.6)0.001
Diabetes25.3 (2.1)35.9 (4.0)0.03
Current smoker34.5 (4.2)25.7 (4.3)0.14
Hypertension39.6 (3.7)62.1 (4.3)< 0.001
Dyslipidemia72.5 (3.3)62.7 (3.7)0.07
Advanced fibrosis6.1 (1.2)8.3 (2.4)0.41
Liver disease etiology0.02
MASLD94.1 (0.7)91.0 (1.9)
MetALD3.9 (0.6)8.4 (1.9)
ALD1.7 (0.4)0.6 (0.4)
Cryptogenic/specific0.3 (0.2)0 (0)
Aware of liver disease diagnosis0.03 (0.03)0.04 (0.01)0.81
Table 2 Top 10 reported motivations for dietary supplement use among patients with steatotic liver disease (All product types = 3792)
Motivation
% (SE)
Doctor’s advice36.7 (1.8)
To improve overall health22.1 (2.0)
To maintain health19.2 (1.9)
To prevent health problems9.9 (1.2)
For bone health9.7 (0.9)
To supplement diet9.5 (1.1)
To boost immunity7.6 (1.2)
For heart health7.7 (1.5)
For healthy joints5.4 (1.0)
For healthy hair/nails5.1 (1.1)
Table 3 Top 10 reported motivations of patients with steatotic liver disease with exclusive non-vitamin and non-mineral dietary supplement use
Motivation
% (SE)
To improve overall health41.1 (9.4)
Doctor’s advice15.2 (7.0)
For bowel health7.6 (5.7)
To maintain health10.8 (3.3)
To prevent health problems7.2 (3.0)
For stress6.9 (4.1)
For blood sugar6.1 (2.8)
To boost immunity6.0 (3.3)
For heart health5.2 (1.6)
For healthy joints4.8 (2.1)
Table 4 Top 10 dietary supplements per category among patients with steatotic liver disease
Dietary supplement
% (SE)
Vitamins
Vitamin B complex16.2 (0.6)
Vitamin D6.7 (0.4)
Vitamin C4.2 (0.3)
Folate and derivates2.9 (0.2)
Vitamin E and derivates2.8 (0.2)
Vitamin A2.2 (0.1)
Vitamin K and derivates1.2 (0.2)
Choline 0.6 (0.1)
Minerals
Calcium4.1 (0.2)
Magnesium3.0 (0.2)
Zinc2.2 (0.2)
Copper1.8 (0.1)
Selenium 1.6 (0.1)
Manganese1.6 (0.2)
Chromium1.6 (0.1)
Iron1.5 (0.2)
Iodine1.4 (0.1)
Molybdenum1.2 (0.1)
Botanicals
Turmeric0.5 (0.1)
Saw palmetto0.3 (0.1)
Cinnamon0.3 (0.1)
Gingko biloba0.3 (0.1)
Olive0.2 (0.04)
Cranberry0.2 (0.1)
Grape0.2 (0.1)
Green tea0.1 (0.1)
Garlic0.1 (0.03)
Ginger0.1 (0.04)
Amino acids
Taurine2.6 (0.1)
Cysteine and derivatives1.6 (0.1)
Glycine0.2 (0.1)
Lysine0.2 (0.1)
Glutamic acid and derivates0.1 (0.1)
Alanine 0.1 (0.1)
Tyrosine0.1 (0.1)
Arginine and derivates0.1 (0.1)
Carnitine0.1 (0.04)
Leucine0.1 (0.1)
Other supplements
Omega 3 supplements3.1 (0.2)
Fish oil1.2 (0.1)
Lutein0.8 (0.1)
Inositol0.7 (0.2)
Lycopene0.7 (0.1)
Glucosamine0.6 (0.1)
Coenzyme Q100.5 (0.1)
Fiber0.5 (0.1)
Chloride0.4 (0.1)
Melatonin0.3 (0.1)