Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Limbe Regional Hospital, Southwest, Cameroon

doi:10.4254/wjh.v17.i2.101936

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Feb 27, 2025 (publication date) through Feb 20, 2025

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World Journal of Hepatology

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1948-5182

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Hepatol. Feb 27, 2025; 17(2): 101936
Published online Feb 27, 2025. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i2.101936

Table 1 Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Limbe Regional Hospital, n (%)

Variable	Total (n = 150)	NAFLD (n = 28)	No NAFLD (n = 122)	P value
Sex				0.03
Male	63 (42.0)	10 (36.0)	53 (43.0)
Female	87 (58.0)	18 (64.0)	69 (57.0)
Age group (years)				0.001
25-40	22 (15.0)	6 (21.0)	16 (13.0)
41-65	86 (57.0)	16 (58.0)	70 (57.0)
≥ 66	42 (28.0)	6 (21.0)	36 (30.0)
Marital status				< 0.001
Married	81 (54.0)	19 (68.0)	62 (51.0)
Divorced	38 (25.0)	4 (14.0)	34 (28.0)
Single	11 (7.0)	2 (7.0)	9 (7.0)
Widowed	20 (13.0)	3 (11.0)	17 (14.0)
Level of education				< 0.001
Primary	47 (31.0)	11 (39.0)	36 (29.0)
Secondary	79 (53.0)	16 (57.0)	63 (57.0)
Tertiary	24 (16.0)	1 (4.0)	23 (19.0)
Employment status				< 0.001
Employed	76 (50.7)	13 (46.0)	63 (52.0)
Unemployed	74 (49.3)	15 (54.0)	59 (48.0)
Area of residence				0.04
Rural	58 (39)	10 (36)	48 (39)
Urban	92 (61)	18 (64)	74 (61)
Waist circumference				< 0.001
Centrally obese	51 (34)	20 (57)	31 (25)
Non-obese	99 (66)	8 (29)	91 (75)
Body mass index				< 0.001
Underweight	7 (5)	0 (0)	7 (6)
Normal weight	88 (59)	9 (32)	79 (65)
Overweight	55 (35)	19 (68)	36 (30)
Obese	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.00)
Consumption of vegetables				0.02
< 3 times/week	100 (67)	12 (43)	88 (72)
> 3 times/week	50 (33)	16 (57)	34 (28)
Physical activity				0.001
Insufficient	64 (43)	15 (57)	49 (40)
Sufficient	86 (57)	13 (46)	73 (60)
Family history				< 0.001
No	59 (39)	12 (43)	49 (40)
Yes	91 (61)	16 (57)	73 (60)
Type of treatment				< 0.001
Insulin	10 (7)	4 (14)	6 (5)
Metformin	55 (37)	10 (36)	45 (37)
Insulin + Metformin	83 (55)	12 (42)	71 (58)
Others	0 (0.0)	2 (7)	0 (0)

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Table 2 Comparison of biochemical and clinical characteristics between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, mean ± SD

Variable	Total (n = 150)	No NAFLD (n = 122)	NAFLD (n = 28)	t-test	P value
TG (mg/dL)	102.23 ± 75.33	86.19 ± 62.59	173.68 ± 84.34	5.172	< 0.001
GGT (U/L)	42.71 ± 24.66	37.36 ± 22.31	65.27 ± 22.01	6.033	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	5.15 ± 1.49	4.66 ± 0.98	7.82 ± 0.85	1.780	0.085
WC (cm)	75.96 ± 26.25	71.94 ± 22.65	92.29 ± 34.89	2.946	0.006
BMI (kg/m²)	24.49 ± 6.22	24.81 ± 18.32	30.08 ± 7.98	2.349	0.021

BMI: Body mass index; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; TGs: Triglycerides; WC: Waist circumference.

Table 3 Factors associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending Limbe Regional Hospital

Explanatory variable		Crude odds ratio (95%CI)	P value	Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Sex	Male	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	1.824 (0.441-7.541)	0.406
Sex	Female	1 (-)	-	1 (-)	-
Age group (years)	25-40	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	15.701 (0.956-257.852)	0.054
	41-65	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	1.278 (0.134-12.212)	0.831
	≥ 66	1 (-)	-	1 (-)	-
Marital status	Married	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	1.340 (0.128-14.043)	0.807
	Single	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	0.321 (0.018-5.621)	0.437
	Divorced	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	0.455 (0.023-8.842)	0.603
	Widow	1 (-)	-	1 (-)	-
Residence	Rural	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	0.972 (0.260-3.634)	0.967
Residence	Urban	1 (-)	-	1 (-)	-
Level of education	Primary	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	14.374 (0.869-237.818)	0.063
	Secondary	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	4.616 (0.343-62.090)	0.249
	Tertiary	1 (-)	-	1 (-)	-
Occupation	Trader	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	3.762 (0.671-21.092)	0.132
	Teacher	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	0.397 (0.052-3.023)	0.372
	Driver	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	8.166 × 10^8	0.988
	Farmer	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	0.138 (0.005-3.635)	0.235
	Housewife	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	3.565 (0.335-37.939)	0.292
	Others	1 (-)	-	1 (-)	-
Physical exercise	No	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	0.529 (0.116-2.418)	0.411
Physical exercise	Yes	1 (-)	-	1 (-)	-
Vegetable intake	< 3 times/week	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	0.131 (0.020-0.839)	0.032
Vegetable intake	> 3 times/week	1(-)	-	1 (-)	-
Physical exercise	Insufficient	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	0.529 (0.116-2.418)	0.411
Physical exercise	Sufficient	1 (-)	-	1 (-)	-
Vegetable intake	< 3 times/week	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	0.131 (0.020-0.839)	0.032
Vegetable intake	> 3 times/week	1(-)	-	1 (-)	-
Central obesity (cm)	Present	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	0.167 (0.037-0.748)	0.019
Central obesity (cm)	Absent	1 (-)	-	1 (-)	-
Body mass index (kg/m²)	Underweight	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	6.511 × 10^7 (0.000-NA)	0.992
	Overweight and obese	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	0.917 (0.152-5.512)	0.924
	Normal weight	1 (-)	-	1 (-)	-
Family history of diabetes	Yes	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	2.269 (0.557-9.252)	0.253
Family history of diabetes	No	1 (-)	-	1 (-)	-
Type of treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus	Insulin	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	3.370 × 10⁸ (4.204 × 10⁹-2.702 × 10⁷)	< 0.001
	Metformin	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	0.167 (0.037-0.718)	< 0.001
	Insulin + Metformin	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	5.856 × 10⁹ (5.856 ×10⁹-5.856 ×10⁹)	NA
	Others	1 (-)	-	1 (-)	-
Duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus (years)	1-10	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	0.898 (0.046-17.404)	0.943
	11-20	4.357 (-)	< 0.001	2.541 × 10⁷ (0.000-NA)	0.99
	≥ 21	1 (-)	-	1 (-)	-

NA: Not applicable.

Table 4 Comparison of biochemical and clinical characteristics between patients with good and poor glycemic control, mean ± SD

Variable	Total (n = 150)	Good control (n = 127)	Poor control (n = 23)	t-test	P value
TG (mg/dL)	102.23 ± 75.33	97.97 ± 74.56	127.61 ± 74.69	-1.751	0.090
GGT (U/L)	42.71 ± 24.66	40.60 ± 24.23	53.48 ± 25.08	-2.278	0.030
HbA1c (%)	5.15 ± 1.49	4.66 ± 0.98	7.82 ± 0.85	-16.036	< 0.001
WC (cm)	75.96 ± 26.25	74.90 ± 25.79	80.39 ± 30.12	-0.822	0.418
BMI (kg/m²)	24.49 ± 6.22	25.57 ± 18.17	27.06 ± 7.64	-0.659	0.512

BMI: Body mass index; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; TGs: Triglycerides; WC: Waist circumference.

Table 5 Relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending Limbe Regional Hospital, n (%)

Variable		No NAFLD	NAFLD	Total	χ²	P value
Glycemic control status	Poor (HbA1c ≥ 7 %)	11 (9.0)	16 (57.1)	27 (15.3)	20.089	< 0.001
	Good (HbA1c < 7 %)	111 (91.0)	12 (42.9)	123 (84.7)
	Total	122 (100.0)	28 (100.0)	150 (100.0)

HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Citation: Ojong EW, Ngemenya MN, Tafili MM, Tanue EA, Achidi EA. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Limbe Regional Hospital, Southwest, Cameroon. World J Hepatol 2025; 17(2): 101936
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v17/i2/101936.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v17.i2.101936