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©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Hepatol. Aug 27, 2024; 16(8): 1185-1198
Published online Aug 27, 2024. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i8.1185
Published online Aug 27, 2024. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i8.1185
Table 1 Baseline and study characteristics
| Ref. | Publication year | Study design | Country | Patients | Age in years | Male | BMI in kg/m2 | Hypertension | Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
| NAFLD | Non-NAFLD | NAFLD | Non-NAFLD | NAFLD | Non-NAFLD | NAFLD | Non-NAFLD | NAFLD | Non-NAFLD | NAFLD | Non-NAFLD | ||||
| Milic et al[29] | 2022 | Retrospective observational | Italy | 130 | 105 | 60.5± 5.2 | 63 ± 6.4 | 95 (73.1) | 67 (63.8) | 30.8 ± 1.5 | 26.8 ± 1.5 | 43 (33.1) | 27 (25.7) | 26 (20.0) | 7 (6.7) |
| Huang et al[30] | 2020 | Retrospective observational | China | 86 | 194 | 43.3 ± 5.9 | 43.5 ± 7.4 | 50 (58.1) | 96 (49.5) | 27.3 ± 1.3 | 23.0 ± 1.1 | 18 (20.9) | 27 (13.9) | 10 (11.6) | 11 (5.7) |
| Younossi et al[32] | 2022 | Retrospective observational | United States | 553 | 2736 | 54.7 ± 15.8 | 54.0 ± 20.7 | 280 (50.6) | 1340 (49.0) | 32.6 ± 8.2 | 29.5 ± 6.8 | 346 (62.9) | 1138 (41.6) | 282 (51.0) | 0 (0) |
| Vázquez-Medin et al[33] | 2022 | Retrospective observational | Mexico | 79 | 60 | 54.6 ± 14.0 | 56.0 ± 17.5 | 62 (78.5) | 42 (70.0) | N/d | N/d | 3 (3.8) | 9 (15.0) | 0 (0) | 8 (13.3) |
| Moctezuma-Velázquez et al[34] | 2022 | Retrospective observational | Mexico | 359 | 111 | 51.3 ± 5.5 | 53.0 ± 6.9 | 231 (64.0) | 67 (60.0) | 31.2 ± 1.9 | 25.5 ± 1.1 | 122 (34.0) | 25 (22.0) | 111 (31.0) | 15 (14.0) |
| Nath et al[35] | 2022 | Prospective observational | India | 814 | 3169 | 47.1 ± 14.3 | 45.2 ± 16.1 | 673 (82.6) | 2311 (72.9) | N/d | N/d | N/d | N/d | 72 (43.3) | 149 (43.5) |
| Vrsaljko et al[36] | 2022 | Retrospective observational | Croatia | 120 | 96 | 58.0 ± 4.5 | 63.0 ± 4.6 | 78 (65.0) | 59 (61.5) | 31.5 ± 1.7 | 27.3 ± 1.9 | 47 (39.2) | 45 (46.9) | 20 (16.7) | 10 (10.4) |
| Wang et al[37] | 2021 | Prospective observational | China | 86 | 132 | 46.8 ± 16.5 | 48.8 ± 18.2 | 52 (60.5) | 58 (43.9) | 26.4 ± 5.3 | 21.2 ± 5.1 | 20 (23.3) | 12 (9.1) | 9 (10.5) | 5 (3.8) |
| Madan et al[38] | 2022 | Retrospective observational | India | 289 | 157 | 56.4 ± 14.3 | 58.3 ± 17.1 | 195 (67.5) | 93 (59.2) | 26.6 ± 5.2 | N/d | N/d | N/d | 129 (44.6) | 68 (43.3) |
| Zoncapè et al[39] | 2023 | Retrospective observational | Italy | 333 | 339 | 68.5 ± 14.0 | 73.7 ± 15.1 | 235 (70.6) | 172 (55.3) | N/d | N/d | 229 (68.8) | 183 (54.0) | 148 (44.4) | 60 (17.7) |
| Brozat et al[31] | 2024 | Retrospective observational | United States | 14667 | 14667 | 57.8 ± 15.1 | 57.3 ± 14.7 | 7356 (50.2) | 7070 (48.2) | N/d | N/d | 9761 (66.6) | 9527 (65.0) | 7051 (48.1) | 7051 (48.1) |
Table 2 Baseline coronavirus disease 2019 symptoms
| Ref. | NAFLD | Non-NAFLD | P value |
| Milic et al[29] | Respiratory cluster: 67 (51.5) | Respiratory cluster: 58 (55.2) | 0.66 |
| Neurocognitive cluster: 38 (29.2) | Neurocognitive cluster: 44 (41.9) | 0.06 | |
| Musculoskeletal cluster: 32 (24.6) | Musculoskeletal cluster: 30 (28.6) | 0.59 | |
| Psychological cluster: 30 (23.1) | Psychological cluster: 39 (37.1) | 0.03a | |
| Sensory cluster: 20 (15.4) | Sensory cluster: 21 (20.0) | 0.45 | |
| Dermatological cluster: 32 (24.6) | Dermatological cluster: 27 (25.7) | 0.97 | |
| Huang et al[30] | Fever: 55 (64.0) | Fever: 132 (68.0) | 0.503 |
| Cough: 47 (54.7) | Cough: 109 (56.2) | 0.812 | |
| Fatigue: 16 (18.6) | Fatigue: 42 (21.6) | 0.562 | |
| Sore throat: 10 (11.6) | Sore throat: 22 (11.3) | 0.944 | |
| Muscle ache: 7 (8.1) | Muscle ache: 21 (10.8) | 0.49 | |
| Shortness of breath: 7 (8.1) | Shortness of breath: 16 (8.2) | 0.976 | |
| Headache: 3 (3.5) | Headache: 16 (8.2) | 0.144 | |
| No pneumonia: 6 (7.0) | No pneumonia: 19 (9.8) | ||
| Unilateral pneumonia: 11 (12.8) | Unilateral pneumonia: 26 (13.4) | ||
| Bilateral pneumonia: 69 (80.2) | Bilateral pneumonia: 149 (76.8) | ||
| Younossi et al[32] | Cough: 318 (57.9) | Cough: 1273 (47.7) | < 0.0001b |
| Fever: 319 (58.1) | Fever: 1283 (48.0) | < 0.0001b | |
| Shortness of breath: 361 (65.8) | Shortness of breath: 1519 (56.9) | 0.0001b | |
| Altered mental status: 22 (4.0) | Altered mental status: 203 (7.6) | 0.0026b | |
| Sore throat: 22 (4.0) | Sore throat: 64 (2.4) | 0.033a | |
| Headache: 74 (13.5) | Headache: 240 (9.0) | 0.0012b | |
| Fatigue: 144 (26.2) | Fatigue: 588 (22.0) | 0.0318a | |
| Vázquez-Medina et al[33] | Cough: 49 (62) | Cough: 39 (65.0) | 0.3 |
| Fever: 59 (74.68) | Fever: 39 (65.0) | 0.4 | |
| Shortness of breath: 53 (67.09) | Shortness of breath: 41 (68.3) | 0.7 | |
| Headache: 14 (17.72) | Headache: 13 (21.7) | 0.7 | |
| Wang et al[37] | Cough: 75 (87.2) | Cough: 104 (78.8) | 0.113 |
| Fever: 66 (76.7) | Fever: 97 (73.5) | 0.588 | |
| Fatigue: 39 (45.3) | Fatigue: 61 (46.2) | 0.901 |
Table 3 Primary and secondary outcomes
| Ref. | NAFLD | Non-NAFLD | P value and 95%CI |
| Milic et al[29] | Duration of hospital stay, mean ± SD: 12.1 ± 10.3 | Duration of hospital stay, mean ± SD: 11.5 ± 10.2 | 0.61 |
| Patients on ventilatory support: 24 (18.5) | Patients on ventilatory support: 21 (20.0) | 0.9 | |
| Huang et al[30] | Respiratory failure: 10 (11.6) | Respiratory failure: 12 (6.2) | 0.118 |
| ARDS: 2 (2.3) | ARDS: 2 (1.0) | 0.4 | |
| Hepatic failure: 0 (0) | Hepatic failure: 0 (0) | ||
| Hospital discharge: 63 (73.3) | Hospital discharge: 148 (76.3) | 0.587 | |
| Severe illness: 12 (14.0) | Severe illness: 16 (8.2) | 0.142 | |
| ICU admission: 5 (5.8) | ICU admission: 13 (6.7) | 0.78 | |
| Mortality: 0 (0) | Mortality: 0 (0) | ||
| Younossi et al[32] | Acute liver injury: 21 (3.9) | Acute liver injury: 38 (1.6) | 0.0006b |
| Duration of hospital stay, mean ± SD: 9.6 ± 11.4 | Duration of hospital stay, mean ± SD: 7.3 ± 7.6 | < 0.0001b | |
| ICU admission: 196 (35.4) | ICU admission: 726 (26.5) | < 0.0001b | |
| Patients on ventilatory support: 76 (13.7) | Patients on ventilatory support: 221 (8.1) | < 0.0001b | |
| Mortality: 60 (10.8) | Mortality: 239 (8.7) | 0.11 | |
| Readmission: 25 (4.5) | Readmission: 95 (4.5) | ||
| Vázquez-Medina et al[33] | Duration of hospital stay, mean ± SD: 11 ± 9.16 | Duration of hospital stay, mean ± SD: 11.2 ± 7.8 | 0.91 |
| Mortality: 41 (51.9) | Mortality: 23 (38.3) | 0.071 | |
| Patients on ventilatory support: 32 (40.5) | Patients on ventilatory support: 12 (20.0) | 0.0021,b | |
| Moctezuma-Velázquez et al[34] | ICU admission: 175 (49.0) | ICU admission: 31 (28.0) | < 0.001b |
| Patients on ventilatory support: 117 (32.0) | Patients on ventilatory support: 11 (10.0) | < 0.001b | |
| Mortality: 106 (30.0) | Mortality: 21 (19.0) | 0.03a | |
| Nath et al[35] | Duration of hospital stay, mean ± SD: 10.6 ± 7.2 | Duration of hospital stay, mean ± SD: 10.7 ± 6.6 | 0.447 |
| Mortality: 55 (6.7) | Mortality: 188 (5.9) | 0.381 | |
| Vrsaljko et al[36] | Clinical improvement of day 7: 27 (22.5) | Clinical improvement of day 7: 39 (40.6) | 0.0048b |
| Clinical improvement of day 14: 86 (71.7) | Clinical improvement of day 14: 85 (88.5) | 0.0024b | |
| Duration of hospital stay, day median (IQR): 10 (8-15) | Duration of hospital stay, day median (IQR): 9 (6-12) | 0.0018b | |
| Patients on ventilatory support: 6 (5) | Patients on ventilatory support: 3 (3.1) | ||
| Mortality: 8 (6.7) | Mortality: 3 (3.1) | 0.3529 | |
| Wang et al[37] | Severe events: 19 (22.1) | Severe events: 22 (16.7) | 0.316 |
| Duration of hospital stay in days, median (IQR): 15 (5-41) | Duration of hospital stay in days, median (IQR): 16 (5-40) | 0.407 | |
| Mortality: 0 (0) | Mortality: 2 (1.5) | 0.251 | |
| Madan et al[38] | Duration of ICU stay, mean ± SD: 8.3 ± 6.9 | Duration of ICU stay, mean ± SD: 7.1 ± 5.7 | 0.208 |
| Duration of hospital stay, mean ± SD: 10.1 ± 7.1 | Duration of hospital stay, mean ± SD: 10.7 ± 8.1 | 0.43 | |
| Patients on ventilatory support: 27 (9.3) | Patients on ventilatory support: 14 (8.9) | 0.385 | |
| ICU admission: 94 (32.5) | ICU admission: 62 (39.5) | 0.752 | |
| Mortality: 38 (13.2) | Mortality: 21 (13.8) | 0.866 | |
| Zoncapè et al[39] | Duration of hospital stay, mean ± SD: 18.8 ± 15.5 | Duration of hospital stay, mean ± SD: 16.4 ± 11.9 | 0.087 |
| Mortality: 25 (7.5) | Mortality: 28 (8.3) | 0.393 | |
| Brozat et al[31] | Duration of hospital stay: 9.82 | Duration of hospital stay: 8.80 | 95%CI: 0.78-1.26 |
| Duration of ICU stay: 2.32 | Duration of ICU stay: 2.02 | 95%CI: 0.14-0.47 | |
| ICU admission: 3227 (22.0) | ICU admission: 3095 (21.1) | 95%CI: 0.95-1.08 | |
| Patients on ventilatory support: 2816 (19.2) | Patients on ventilatory support: 2567 (17.5) | 95%CI: 1.01-1.14 | |
| Hospital readmission in 30 days: 1247 (8.5) | Hospital readmission in 30 days: 1115 (7.6) | 95%CI: 0.86-1.03 | |
| Hospital readmission in 90 days: 1701 (11.6) | Hospital readmission in 90 days: 1569 (10.7) | ||
| Mortality: 1672 (11.4) | Mortality: 1511 (10.3) | 95%CI: 0.91-1.06 |
Table 4 Quality assessment of included studies
| Study name | Milic et al[29] | Huang et al[30] | Younossi et al[32] | Vázquez-Medina et al[33] | Moctezuma-Velázquez et al[34] | Nath et al[35] | Vrsaljko et al[36] | Wang et al[37] | Madan et al[38] | Zoncapè et al[39] | Brozat et al[31] |
| Selection (4) | |||||||||||
| Representativeness of the exposed cohort | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Selection of the non-exposed cohort | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Ascertainment of exposure | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Comparability (2) | |||||||||||
| Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Outcome (3) | |||||||||||
| Assessment of outcome | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Was followed up long enough for outcomes to occur | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Adequacy of follow-up of cohorts | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Total (9) | 6 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 9 |
- Citation: Moeed A, Larik MO, Fahim MAA, Rahman HAU, Najmi L, Changez MIK, Javed MM, Hasibuzzaman MA. Impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review. World J Hepatol 2024; 16(8): 1185-1198
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v16/i8/1185.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v16.i8.1185