Correlation between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic parameters in persons with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Patient demographics, lifestyle, and comorbidities according to liver disease on ultrasound

Variable	Total (n = 148)	No liver disease (n = 39)	Liver disease (n = 109)	P value1
Age in year	47 (40-55)	49 (40-61)	47 (40-54)	1
Female	69 (46.6)	11 (28.2)	58 (53.2)	0.007
Social class				0.36
Manual	21 (14.2)	3 (7.7)	18 (16.5)
Non-skilled	65 (43.9)	16 (41.0)	49 (45.0)
Semiskilled	11 (7.4)	5 (12.8)	6 (5.5)
Skilled manual	9 (6.1)	4 (10.3)	5 (4.6)
Skilled non-manual	6 (4.1)	2 (5.1)	4 (3.7)
Professional	36 (24.3)	9 (23.1)	27 (24.8)
Income class				0.3
Poor	6 (4.1)	1 (2.6)	5 (4.6)
Lower middle	46 (31.1)	17 (43.6)	29 (26.6)
Middle	83 (56.1)	19 (48.7)	64 (58.7)
Upper middle	10 (6.8)	1 (2.6)	9 (8.3)
Upper	3 (2.0)	1 (2.6)	2 (1.8)
Willingness to pay, yes	148 (100)	39 (100)	109 (100)	-
Education				0.79
Primary school	87 (58.8)	25 (64.1)	62 (56.9)
Secondary school	21 (14.2)	5 (12.8)	16 (14.7)
Undergraduate	34 (23.0)	7 (18.0)	27 (24.8)
Postgraduate	6 (4.1)	2 (5.1)	4 (3.7)
Sleep in hour				0.96
7	7 (4.7)	2 (5.1)	5 (4.6)
8	120 (81.1)	31 (79.5)	89 (81.7)
9	15 (13.8)	6 (15.4)	15 (13.8)
Dietary fats and oils				0.042
Normal	23 (15.5)	10 (25.6)	13 (11.9)
High	125 (84.5)	29 (74.4)	96 (88.1)
Dietary protein				-
Normal	148 (100)	39 (100)	109 (100)
Dietary vegetables and fruits				0.27
Normal	76 (51.4)	23 (59.0)	53 (48.6)
High	72 (48.7)	16 (41.0)	56 (51.4)
Dietary carbohydrates				0.78
Normal	3 (2.0)	1 (2.6)	2 (1.8)
High	145 (98.0)	38 (97.4)	107 (98.2)
Dietary dairy and cheese				0.77
Normal	28 (18.9)	8 (20.5)	20 (18.4)
High	120 (81.1)	31 (79.5)	89 (81.7)
Dietary sweets and confectionaries				0.63
Normal	54 (36.5)	13 (33.3)	41 (37.6)
High	94 (63.5)	26 (66.7)	68 (62.4)
Hypertension	24 (16.2)	8 (20.5)	16 (14.7)	0.4
Hypercholesterolaemia	2 (1.4)	1 (2.6)	1 (0.9)	0.45
Previous myocardial infarction	2 (1.4)	1 (2.6)	1 (0.9)	0.45
Previous stroke	1 (0.7)	1 (2.6)	0 (0)	0.093
Polycystic ovarian syndrome	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	-
Obstructive sleep apnoea	13 (8.8)	4 (10.3)	9 (8.3)	0.71
Vitamin D deficiency	3 (2.0)	0 (0)	3 (2.8)	0.3
Hypothyroidism	4 (2.7)	0 (0)	4 (3.7)	0.23
Family history of type 2 diabetes	58 (39.2)	17 (43.6)	41 (37.6)	0.51
Family history of liver disease	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	-

¹χ² test.

Data are median (interquartile range) or n (%).

Table 2 Stepwise logistic regression to identify significant factors associated with any liver disease on ultrasound

Variable	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Females	3.09 (1.09-8.80)	0.034
Waist circumference	1.42 (1.22-1.66)	< 0.001
LDL cholesterol	1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.048

Cutoff of P < 0.20 for univariable logistic regression for consideration in multivariable model; variables included in the model were age, sex, social class, income, education, sleep, high dietary consumption of different foods, symptoms, body mass index, heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, waist-to-hip ratio, hip circumference, random blood glucose, haemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and alanine aminotransferase levels. LDL: Low-density lipoprotein.

Table 3 Stepwise logistic regression to identify factors associated with grade 2/3 liver disease on ultrasound

Variable	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Triglyceride levels	1.01 (1.00-1.01)	0.004
Income	3.58 (1.28-10.04)	0.015
Education	0.33 (0.12-0.85)	0.023
Excessive hunger	0.25 (0.06-0.95)	0.042
Alanine aminotransferase levels	1.02 (1.00-1.03)	0.032
Right upper quadrant pain or heaviness	5.22 (1.40-19.41)	0.014
Involuntary weight loss or gain	0.11 (0.02-0.52)	0.005
Tingling, pain or numbness of hands and feet	0.20 (0.05-0.80)	0.023
Waist circumference	1.31 (1.02-1.69)	0.036

Cutoff of P < 0.20 for univariable logistic regression for consideration in multivariable model; variables included in the model were age, sex, social class, income, education, sleep, high dietary consumption of different foods, symptoms, body mass index, heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, waist-to-hip ratio, hip circumference, random blood glucose, haemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and alanine aminotransferase levels.