Multifaceted roles of lymphatic and blood endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive review

Table 1 Common Markers of Lymphatic endothelial cells and Blood endothelial cells

Marker	Definition	Expressed on cells	Addition	Types of cancer	Ref.
PROX-1	An evolutionarily conserved class of atypical homeodomain proteins	LECs	Located in the nucleus and promoting lymphangiogenesis	Breast cancer; Melanoma; Glioblastoma	[50-56]
PDPN	A transmembrane mucin type O-glycoprotein	LECs	Functioning in the downstream of PROX-1	Angiosarcomas;Melanoma; Colorectal carcinoma; Breast cancer; Osteosarcoma	[57-60]
LYVE-1	One of the hyaluronan-binding glyco-protein receptors	LECs	Acting with VEGFR and PDGFR in the LECs	Oral oncogenesis; Lung cancer	[62-66]
VEGFR-3	An receptor tyrosine kinase	LECs/BECs	Functioning by activating RAS/RAF-1/MEK/ERK signaling pathway	Gastric cancer; Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; Colorectal carcinoma	[67,68]
CD31	One of the immunoglobulin superfamily	LECs/BECs	Promoting tumor angiogenesis by regulating TME indirectly	Breast cancer; Melanoma; Gastric cancer	[71,73-75]
CD105	Homodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein, a coreceptor for ligands of the TGF-β family	BECs	Also called Endoglin	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; Colorectal carcinoma	[76-79]

BECs: Blood endothelial cells; LECs: Lymphatic endothelial cells; LYVE-1: Lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1; PDGFR: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor; PDPN: Podoplanin; PROX-1: Prospero homeobox 1; VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; TME: Tumor microenvironment.