Predicting major adverse cardiovascular events after orthotopic liver transplantation using a supervised machine learning model: A cohort study

Table 1 Cohort patient data

Variable	Total (n = 537)	MACE absent (n = 520)	MACE present (n = 17)	P value
Race1				0.41
White	463 (90.4%)	447 (90.1%)	16 (100.0%)
Mixed/other	28 (5.6%)	28 (5.6%)	0 (0.0%)
Black	21 (4.1%)	21 (4.2%)	0 (0.0%)
Missing	25	24	1
Sex1				0.26
Male	352 (65.7%)	343 (66.1%)	9 (52.9%)
Female	184 (34.3%)	176 (33.9%)	8 (47.1%)
Missing	1	1	0 (0)
Previous esophageal variceal ligation1				0.71
No	327 (64.5%)	318 (64.6%)	9 (60.0%)
Yes	180 (35.5%)	174 (35.4%)	6 (40.0%)
Missing	30	28	2
Portal hypertensive gastropathy1				0.48
Mild	229 (49.4%)	220 (49.0%)	9 (60.0%)
Absent	83 (17.9%)	82 (18.3%)	1 (6.7%)
Intense	152 (32.8%)	147 (32.7%)	5 (33.3%)
Missing	73	71	2
Previous ascites1				0.05
Yes	393 (74.3%)	377 (73.6%)	16 (94.1%)
No	136 (25.7%)	135 (26.4%)	1 (5.9%)
Missing	8	8	0
Previous spontaneous bacterial peritonitis1				0.92
No	385 (74.3%)	374 (74.4%)	11 (73.3%)
Yes	133 (25.7%)	129 (25.6%)	4 (26.7%)
Missing	19	17	2
Previous hepatopulmonary syndrome1				0.31
No	399 (77.3%)	389 (77.6%)	10 (66.7%)
Yes	117 (22.7%)	112 (22.4%)	5 (33.3%)
Missing	21	19	2
Previous use of nonselective beta-blockers1				0.01
No	270 (53.9%)	267 (54.8%)	3 (21.4%)
Yes	231 (46.1%)	220 (45.2%)	11 (78.6%)
Missing	36	33	3
Portal vein thrombosis1				0.04
No	443 (85.7%)	432 (86.2%)	11 (68.8%)
Yes	74 (14.3%)	69 (13.8%)	5 (31.2%)
Missing	20	19	1
Hepatic encephalopathy1				0.44
No	277 (53.2%)	270 (53.5%)	7 (43.8%)
Yes	244 (46.8%)	9 (56.2%)	235 (46.5%)
Missing	16	15	1
Previous hepatorenal syndrome1				0.52
No	499 (97.5%)	15 (100.0%)	484 (97.4%)
Yes	13 (2.5%)	0 (0.0%)	13 (2.6%)
Missing	25	23	2
Antibiotic therapy for > 24 h1				0.52
No	486 (97.4%)	15 (100.0%)	471 (97.3%)
Yes	13 (2.6%)	0 (0.0%)	13 (2.7%)
Missing	38	36	2
Hospitalized for > 48 h1				0.70
No	476 (95.4%)	462 (95.5%)	14 (93.3%)
Yes	23 (4.6%)	22 (4.5%)	1 (6.7%)
Missing	38	36	2
Pre-transplant hemodialysis1				0.01
No	486 (97.0%)	473 (97.3%)	13 (86.7%)
Yes	15 (3.0%)	13 (2.7%)	2 (13.3%)
Missing	36	34	2
Hepatocellular carcinoma1				0.34
No	330 (63.7%)	318 (63.3%)	12 (75.0%)
Yes	188 (36.3%)	184 (36.7%)	4 (25.0%)
Missing	19	18	1
Blood group1				0.39
O	230 (42.9%)	221 (42.6%)	9 (52.9%)
A	231 (43.1%)	226 (43.5%)	5 (29.4%)
B	53 (9.9%)	50 (9.6%)	3 (17.6%)
AB	22 (4.1%)	22 (4.2%)	0 (0.0%)
Missing	1	1	0
Congestive heart failure1				0.69
No	518 (99.0%)	502 (99.0%)	16 (100.0%)
Yes	5 (1.0%)	5 (1.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Missing	14	13	1
Previous angioplasty1				0.75
No	520 (99.4%)	504 (99.4%)	16 (100.0%)
Yes	3 (0.6%)	3 (0.6%)	0 (0.0%)
Missing	14	13	1
Dyslipidemia1				0.53
No	512 (97.7%)	496 (97.6%)	16 (100.0%)
Yes	12 (2.3%)	12 (2.4%)	0 (0.0%)
Missing	13	12	1
Systemic arterial hypertension1				0.04
No	388 (73.6%)	379 (74.3%)	9 (52.9%)
Yes	139 (26.4%)	131 (25.7%)	8 (47.1%)
Missing	10	10	0
Familiar history of coronary artery disease1				0.43
No	416 (79.8%)	402 (79.6%)	14 (87.5%)
Yes	105 (20.2%)	103 (20.4%)	2 (12.5%)
Missing	16	15	1
Previous acute myocardial infarction1				0.06
No	515 (98.7%)	501 (98.8%)	14 (93.3%)
Yes	7 (1.3%)	6 (1.2%)	1 (6.7%)
Missing	15	13	2
Previous stroke1				0.38
Ischemic	3 (0.6%)	3 (0.6%)	0 (0.0%)
Hemorrhagic	27 (5.2%)	25 (4.9%)	2 (12.5%)
No	493 (94.3%)	479 (94.5%)	14 (87.5%)
Missing	14	13	1
Diabetes mellitus1				0.21
No	396 (75.6%)	386 (76.0%)	10 (62.5%)
Yes	128 (24.4%)	122 (24.0%)	6 (37.5%)
Missing	13	12	1
Valve replacement1				0.96
Metallic	1 (0.2%)	1 (0.2%)	0 (0.0%)
Biological	2 (0.4%)	2 (0.5%)	0 (0.0%)
No	445 (99.3%)	435 (99.3%)	10 (100.0%)
Missing	89	82	7
Mitral insufficiency1				0.001
Mild	137 (28.8%)	131 (28.4%)	6 (46.2%)
Moderate	3 (0.6%)	2 (0.4%)	1 (7.7%)
Absent	335 (70.5%)	329 (71.2%)	6 (46.2%)
Missing	62	58	4
Tricuspid insufficiency1				0.88
Mild	23 (4.9%)	22 (4.8%)	1 (7.7%)
Moderate	1 (0.2%)	1 (0.2%)	0 (0.0%)
Absent	448 (94.9%)	436 (95.0%)	12 (92.3%)
Missing	65	61	4
Noninvasive diagnostic method for myocardial ischemia1				0.001
Negative	65 (12.8%)	58 (11.8%)	7 (41.2%)
Positive	442 (87.2%)	432 (88.2%)	10 (58.8%)
Missing	30	30	0
Dynamic myocardial perfusion scintigraphy induced ischemia1				0.01
Negative	304 (88.9%)	292 (89.8%)	12 (70.6%)
Positive	38 (11.1%)	33 (10.2%)	5 (29.4%)
Missing	195	195	0
Weight (kg)2				0.74
Mean (SD)	74.2 (14.2)	74.2 (14.4)	73.1 (10.2)
Missing	9	9	0
Height (cm)2				0.38
Mean (SD)	168.0 (9.0)	168.1 (9.1)	166.2 (6.9)
Missing	12	12	0
Body mass index (kg/m²)2				0.8
Mean (SD)	26.2 (4.3)	26.2 (4.3)	26.5 (3.5)
Missing	13	13	0
Hematocrit (%)2				0.98
Mean (SD)	36.2 (5.8)	36.2 (5.8)	36.2 (3.8)
Missing	3	3	0
White blood cell count (mm³)2				0.36
Mean (SD)	5153 (4539)	5185 (4602)	4163 (1473)
Missing	2	2	0
Platelets2				0.67
Mean (SD)	84524 (55946)	84340 (56004)	90058 (55570)
Missing	9	0	0
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)2				0.09
Mean (SD)	2.9 (3.4)	2.9 (3.5)	1.5 (0.7)
Missing	1	0	0
Creatinine (mg/dL)2				0.08
Mean (SD)	1.2 (1.8)	1.2 (1.7)	2.0 (2.8)
Missing	5	5	0
International normalized ratio2				0.50
Mean (SD)	1.5 (0.4)	1.5 (0.4)	1.5 (0.3)
Missing	32	32	0
Sodium (mEq/L)2				0.91
Mean (SD)	137.7 (4.9)	137.7 (4.9)	137.8 (4.6)
Missing	37	36	1
Potassium (mmol/L)2				0.90
Mean (SD)	4.4 (0.6)	4.4 (0.6)	4.4 (0.7)
Missing	44	43	1
Albumin (g/dL)2				0.64
Mean (SD)	3.2 (0.6)	3.2 (0.6)	3.3 (0.4)
Missing	13	13	0
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)2				0.15
Mean (SD)	89.9 (60.1)	90.6 (60.7)	69.0 (34.8)
Missing	9	8	1
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)2				0.62
Mean (SD)	74.1 (62.8)	74.3 (62.9)	66.5 (60.7)
Missing	8	7	1
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L)2				0.56
Mean (SD)	102.8 (131.8)	102.3 (131.5)	122.6 (145.0)
Missing	33	30	3
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)2				0.75
Mean (SD)	147.2 (127.9)	146.9 (128.4)	157.6 (113.2)
Missing	24	22	2
Alpha-fetoprotein (ng/mL)2				0.67
Mean (SD)	49.6 (339.5)	50.8 (345.2)	15.2 (26.7)
Missing	20	20	0
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)2				0.65
Mean (SD)	108.6 (41.7)	108.7 (42.1)	104.1 (29.2)
Missing	26	26	0

¹n (%), Pearson’s χ² test.

²Mean (SD), linear model ANOVA.

MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular event.