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©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Hepatol. Mar 27, 2023; 15(3): 431-440
Published online Mar 27, 2023. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i3.431
Published online Mar 27, 2023. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i3.431
CD (n = 133) | ALC only (n = 135) | ACP only (n = 87) | P value (CD vs ALC only) | P valve (CD vs ACP only) | |
Age (at study entry), yr – mean ± SD | 51.7 ± 12.0 | 54.6 ± 9.8 | 51.0 ± 12.3 | 0.029 | 0.684 |
Female | 49 (38) | 42 (31) | 20 (23) | 0.322 | 0.03 |
Race | 0.015 | 0.52 | |||
Caucasian | 97 (73) | 113 (84) | 61 (70) | ||
Black | 30 (23) | 22 (16) | 24 (28) | ||
Other | 6 (5) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | ||
Body mass indexa – mean ± SD | 24.2 ± 7.0 | 27.8 ± 6.5 | 23.3 ± 5.4 | < 0.001 | 0.281 |
Tobacco use | 117 (88) | 109 (81) | 81 (93) | 0.104 | 0.127 |
Smoking (one or more packs per day | 31 (23) | 23 (17) | 24 (28) | 0.29 | 0.392 |
Alcohol use (duration), yr – mean ± SD | 26.7 ± 16.0 | 29.4 ± 13.8 | 23 ± 18.4 | 0.595 | 0.762 |
Hepatitis B Infection | 7 (5) | 17 (13) | 2 (2) | 0.036 | 0.278 |
Hepatitis C Infection | 31 (23) | 58 (43) | 14 (16) | 0.001 | 0.194 |
Non-Elective Hospital Admissionsb – median (IQR) | 4 (1 - 12) | 3 (0 - 7) | 4 (1 - 8) | 0.007 | 0.57 |
Duration of observation, yr – mean ± SD | 10.8 ± 7.9 | 12.4 ± 7.6 | 11.8 ± 7.6 | 0.107 | 0.36 |
Characteristics present | CD (n = 133) | ALC only (n = 135) | P value |
Verification criteria fulfilled | |||
Liver biopsy performed | 22 (17) | 45 (33) | 0.002 |
Cirrhosis on biopsy | 13 (59) | 22 (49) | 0.349 |
Cirrhosis on imagingb | 101 (76) | 126 (93) | < 0.001 |
Portal hypertension features on imaging | 78 (59) | 100 (74) | 0.006 |
Alcohol-Related hepatitis | 48 (36) | 34 (25) | 0.052 |
MELD scorea | 19.3 ± 8.98 | 18.7 ± 8.89 | 0.614 |
Child-Pugh scorea | 0.69 | ||
A | 41 (31) | 48 (36) | |
B | 49 (39) | 48 (36) | |
C | 43 (32) | 39 (29) | |
Complications of portal hypertension | |||
Esophageal varices on EGD | 46 (35) | 68 (50) | < 0.001 |
Esophageal variceal hemorrhage | 11 (8) | 17 (13) | 0.247 |
Ascites | 96 (72) | 83 (62) | 0.063 |
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis | 22 (17) | 9 (7) | 0.011 |
Portosystemic encephalopathy | 62 (47) | 68 (50) | 0.539 |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | 6 (5) | 23 (17) | 0.001 |
End-stage renal disease requiring CRRT/HD | 15 (11) | 13 (10) | 0.644 |
Treatment of portal hypertension/complications | |||
Esophageal variceal banding | 11 (8) | 22 (16) | 0.046 |
TIPS | 3 (2) | 8 (6) | 0.13 |
Beta-blocker usea | 18 (14) | 38 (28) | 0.004 |
Diuretic usea | 57 (43) | 65 (48) | 0.415 |
Large volume paracentesis | 29 (22) | 39 (29) | 0.183 |
Antibiotics for SBP prophylaxisa | 9 (7) | 11 (8) | 0.68 |
Lactulose and/or rifaximin usea | 50 (38) | 55 (41) | 0.632 |
Transplant evaluation | 14 (11) | 19 (14) | 0.402 |
Liver transplantation | 3 (2) | 10 (7) | 0.05 |
Characteristics present | CD (n = 133) | Only ACP (n = 87) | P value |
Verification criteria fulfilled on imaging | |||
Pancreatic calcifications | 88 (66) | 64 (74) | 0.246 |
Moderate-severe ductal dilatation | 38 (29) | 30 (35) | 0.354 |
Moderate-severe ductal structure | 18 (14) | 14 (16) | 0.599 |
Any gland atrophy | 77 (58) | 46 (53) | 0.463 |
Moderate-severe gland atrophy | 10 (13) | 7 (15) | 0.88 |
Gland atrophy not reported | 67 (87) | 37 (80) | 0.25 |
Diagnosis based on EUS alone | 6 (5) | 5 (6) | 0.681 |
Chronic pancreatitis features | |||
Acute pancreatitis | 101 (76) | 74 (85) | 0.009 |
Age at first pancreatitis, yr – mean ± SD | 48.1 ± 15.2 | 41.5 ± 10.6 | 0.112 |
Recurrent acute pancreatitis | 61 (46) | 53 (61) | 0.023 |
Chronic abdominal paina | 56 (42) | 44 (51) | 0.189 |
Pancreatic pseudocyst | 29 (22) | 22 (25) | 0.549 |
Diabetes mellitus | 54 (41) | 50 (58) | 0.011 |
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (Fecal elastase < 100 and/or steatorrhea) | 24 (18) | 14 (16) | 0.708 |
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | 2 (2) | 4 (5) | 0.163 |
Treatment of chronic pancreatitis/complications | |||
Oral anti-diabetic therapya | 11 (20) | 13 (26) | 0.113 |
Insulin therapya | 46 (85) | 37 (74) | 0.209 |
Pancreatic enzymatic replacement therapya | 35 (26) | 39 (45) | 0.004 |
Chronic opiate therapya | 59 (44) | 33 (38) | 0.381 |
Treatment by chronic pain specialist | 20 (15) | 20 (23) | 0.124 |
Celiac plexus block | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 0.077 |
ERCP | 41 (31) | 43 (49) | 0.004 |
Pseudocyst drainage (endoscopic/surgical) | 18 (14) | 13 (15) | 0.743 |
Pancreatic surgery | 13 (10) | 19 (22) | 0.012 |
Pertinent test results | |||
Hemoglobin A1Ca – mean ± SD | 6.4 ± 2.3 | 7.3 ± 2.1 | 0.01 |
Vitamin D deficiency | 48 (36) | 25 (29) | 0.104 |
DEXA scan performed | 28 (21) | 19 (22) | 0.855 |
Osteopenia on DEXA scan | 12 (43) | 10 (53) | 0.51 |
Osteopenia on DEXA scan | 8 (29) | 5 (26) | 0.865 |
- Citation: Lu M, Sun Y, Feldman R, Saul M, Althouse A, Arteel G, Yadav D. Coexistent alcohol-related cirrhosis and chronic pancreatitis have a comparable phenotype to either disease alone: A comparative retrospective analysis. World J Hepatol 2023; 15(3): 431-440
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v15/i3/431.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v15.i3.431