Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Hepatol. Jan 27, 2023; 15(1): 79-88
Published online Jan 27, 2023. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i1.79
Table 1 Comparison of demographics, comorbidities, and hospital stay information
Variable
GI bleeding without NAFLD (n = 752980)
GI bleeding with NAFLD (n = 46805)
P value
Age (yr)< 0.001
  mean ± SD69.3 ± 0.164.6 ± 0.2
Sex< 0.001
  Male374615 (49.8%)21805 (46.6%)
  Female378210 (50.2%)24985 (53.4%)
Race< 0.001
  White515935 (68.5%)31705 (67.7%)
  Black108520 (14.4%)3965 (8.5%)
  Hispanic61990 (8.2%)7030 (15%)
  Other46220 (6.1%)3000 (6.4%)
Insurance< 0.001
  Medicare521895 (69.3%)28550 (61%)
  Medicaid67665 (9%)5460 (11.7%)
  Private122560 (16.3%)9670 (20.7%)
  Self-pay23575 (3.1%)1805 (3.9%)
  Other16250 (2.2%)1240 (2.6%)
Hospital location< 0.001
  Rural82535 (11%)3745 (8%)
  Urban nonteaching189130 (25.1%)11245 (24%)
  Urban teaching481315 (63.9%)31815 (68%)
Hospital bedsize< 0.001
  Small162810 (21.6%)8810 (18.8%)
  Medium236145 (31.4%)14245 (30.4%)
  Large354025 (47%)23750 (50.7%)
Hospital region
  Northeast152290 (20.2%)7440 (15.9%)
  Midwest163005 (21.6%)9370 (20%)
  South301330 (40%)19790 (42.3%)
  West136355 (18.1%)10205 (21.8%)
Chronic pulmonary disease< 0.001
  0608815 (80.9%)39505 (84.4%)
  1144165 (19.1%)7300 (15.6%)
Hypertension< 0.001
  0241235 (32%)18195 (38.9%)
  1511745 (68%)28610 (61.1%)
Diabetes< 0.001
  0527140 (70%)26170 (55.9%)
  1225840 (30%)20635 (44.1%)
Obesity< 0.001
  0670225 (89%)38385 (82%)
  182755 (11%)8420 (18%)
Peripheral vascular disease< 0.001
  0700625 (93%)44630 (95.4%)
  152355 (7%)2175 (4.6%)
Smoker0.598
  0658350 (87.4%)40765 (87.1%)
  194630 (12.6%)6040 (12.9%)
Valvular disease< 0.001
  0736900 (97.9%)46255 (98.8%)
  116080 (2.1%)550 (1.2%)
Colorectal cancer0.287
  0747345 (99.3%)46380 (99.1%)
  15635 (0.7%)425 (0.9%)
Number of Elixhauser comorbidities< 0.001
  089900 (11.9%)5195 (11.1%)
  1191920 (25.5%)12280 (26.2%)
  2233635 (31%)14935 (31.9%)
  3 +237525 (31.5%)14395 (30.8%)
Disposition< 0.001
  Routine13685 (1.8%)825 (1.8%)
  Short-term hospital448085 (59.5%)29620 (63.3%)
  Skilled nursing facility21130 (2.8%)1775 (3.8%)
  Home health care148465 (19.7%)6550 (14%)
  Died in-hospital100955 (13.4%)6090 (13%)
  Other20205 (2.7%)1920 (4.1%)
Table 2 Regression analysis showing effect of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on outcomes in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding
Outcomes
GI bleeding with NAFLD (n = 45215)
GI bleeding without NAFLD (n = 726490)
Univariate P value
OR or regression coefficient (95%CI)
Multivariate P value
Mortality1920 (4.2%)20205 (2.7%)< 0.011.018 (1.013-1.022)< 0.01
Length of stay4.47 ± 5.034.26 ± 4.51< 0.010.27 (0.17-0.38)< 0.01
Total charges35092 ± 2174932275 ± 21011< 0.012148 (1677-2618)< 0.01
Acute kidney injury10150 (22.4%)159955 (21.2%)11.012 (1.003-1.021)1
Shock6015 (13.3%)87425 (11.6%)< 0.011.015 (1.008-1.023)< 0.01
Sepsis1000 (2.2%)12640 (1.7%)0.141.005 (1.002-1.008)1
Acute respiratory failure2330 (5.2%)30540 (4.1%)< 0.011.01 (1.005-1.015)< 0.01
Acute MI955 (2.1%)22635 (3%)< 0.010.992 (0.989-0.995)< 0.01
Acute liver failure915 (2%)2560 (0.3%)< 0.011.016 (1.013-1.019)< 0.01
Blood transfusion12505 (27.7%)210580 (28%)0.141.003 (0.993-1.012)1
Endoscopy12500 (27.6%)169385 (22.5%)< 0.011.038 (1.028-1.048)< 0.01
Intubation140 (0.3%)1255 (0.2%)0.281.001 (1-1.003)1
Dialysis750 (1.7%)11525 (1.5%)11.001 (0.998-1.003)1