Assessment of resting energy expenditure in patients with cirrhosis

Table 1 Predictive equations for derivation of energy expenditure, all values obtained in kilocalories

BIA[25]
Women and men	31.2 × fat-free mass in kilograms
Cunningham[26]
Women and men	22 × fat-free mass in kilograms + 500
Harris and Benedict[27]
Women	655 + 9.56 × weight + 1.85 × height − 4.68 × age
Men	66.5 + 13.75 × weight + 5.0 × height − 6.78 × age
FAO/WHO/UNU[23]
Women	Age 30–60 years: 8.7 × weight + 829
	Age > 60 years: 10.5 × weight + 596
Men	Age 30–60 years: 11.6 × weight + 879
	Age > 60 years: 13.5 × weight + 487
IOM[28]
Women	[247 − (2.67 × age) + (401.5 × height)] + [8.6 × weight]
Men	[293 − (3.8 × age) + (456.4 × height)] + [10.12 × weight]
McArdle et al[29]
Women and men	[(lean body mass in kilograms) × 21.6] + 370
Mifflin et al[30]
Women	10 × weight in kilograms + 6.25 × height − 5 × age -161
Men	10 × weight in kilograms + 6.25 × height − 5 × age +5

BIA: Bioelectrical impedance analysis; FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; WHO: World Health Organization; UNU: United Nations University.

Table 2 Sample characteristics

Characteristic	n = 90
Female	38 (42.2)
Male	52 (57.8)
Age (years), mean ± SD	57.1 ± 9.3
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	28.6 ± 5.6
Child-Pugh, n (%)
A	33 (36.7)
B	36 (40.0)
C	21 (23.3)
Hepatic encephalopathy, n (%)	5 (5.5)
Ascites, n (%)	17 (18.8)
Edema, n (%)	8 (8.8)
Etiology of cirrhosis, n (%)
HCV	28 (31.1)
Alcohol	21 (23.3)
Cryptogenic	7 (7.8)
NASH	17 (18.9)
HCC	5 (5.5)
HBV	4 (4.4)
Other	8 (8.8)

BMI: Body mass index; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; REE: Resting energy expenditure; IC: Indirect calorimetry; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 3 Comparisons and correlations between resting energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry and different predictive methods

Variable	mean ± SD (kcal)	Difference (95%CI)	P value	R2 (P)
Indirect calorimetry	1607.72 ± 257.4	-	-	-
Bioelectrical impedance	1790.48 ± 352.1	-182.8 (-217.3 to -148.1)	< 0.001	0.899 (< 0.001)
Cunningham	1764.29 ± 246.2	-156.5 (-180.3 to -132.7)	< 0.001	0.899 (< 0.001)
Harris & Benedict	2373.54 ± 254.9	-765.8 (-802.4 to -729.1)	< 0.001	0.767 (< 0.001)
FAO/WHO	1616.07 ± 214.6	-8.35 (-61.8 to 45.1)	0.757	0.457 (< 0.001)
IOM	1648.95 ± 185.6	-41.23 (-61.6 to -20.8)	< 0.001	0.955 (< 0.001)
McArdle et al	1611.30 ± 241.8	-3.58 (−27.3 to -20.1)	0.765	0.899 (< 0.001)
Mifflin et al	1558.71 ± 201.0	49.00 (30.4 to 67.58)	< 0.001	0.955 (< 0.001)

FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; WHO: World Health Organization; UNU: United Nations University.