Assessment of periportal fibrosis in Schistosomiasis mansoni patients by proton nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomics models

Table 1 Demographic and laboratorial characteristic of 41 patients with Schistosomiasis mansoni, Pernambuco, Brazil, 2020

Characteristic	Total	Mild PPF (C pattern)	Significant PPF (D/E/F pattern)	P value
n	41	10	31	-
Age (yr)	57 (18-80)	48.1 (18-75)	57.2 (25-80)	0.0865a
Sex				0.4820b
Male	17 (41%)	5 (40%)	12 (39%)
Female	24 (59%)	5 (50%)	19 (61%)
AST (U/L)	29.0 ± 2.6	24.3 ± 1.9	30.0 ± 2.9	0.3328c
ALT (U/L)	29.0 ± 2.2	26.2 ± 4.5	30.0 ± 3.2	0.4584c
ALP (U/L)	262 ± 33	329 ± 113	238 ± 22	0.6379c
GGT (/LSN)	62 ± 12	35 ± 16	71.2 ± 14.0	0.0013c
Platelets count (/mm3)	131 ± 12	218 ± 15	102 ± 11	0.0001c
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)	169.0 ± 4.6	174.0 ± 7.2	167.8 ± 5.6	0.4626c
HDL (mg/dL)	45.7 ± 2.0	49 ± 5.7	44.6 ± 2.0	0.4863c
LDL (mg/dL)	105.0 ± 3.8	108 ± 4.7	104 ± 4.8	0.3760c
Glucose (mg/dL)	93.6 ± 5.2	97 ± 14	92 ± 5.1	0.9451c

^aUnpaired t test.

^bFisher’s exact test.

^cMann-Whitney test.

Data presented as Mean values ± standard deviation. ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PPF: Periportal fibrosis.

Table 2 Metabolites responsible for discrimination between mild from significant periportal fibrosis of 41 patients with Schistosomiasis mansoni, Pernambuco, Brazil, 2020

Metabolite	Chemical shift (δ/ppm)	Metabonomics formalism	Higher serum level
Valine	1.030	OPLS-DA	Mild PPF
No identified	1.046	OPLS-DA	Mild PPF
Alanine	1.446 and 1.502	PLS-DA and OPLS-DA	Significant PPF
N-acetylglucosamine	1.975 up to 2.011	PLS-DA	Significant PPF
Glycolaldehyde	3.492	PLS-DA	Significant PPF
Carbohydrates	3.544; 3.692; and 3.808	PLS-DA and OPLS-DA	Mild PPF

OPLS-DA: Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis; PLS-DA: Partial least squares-discriminant analysis; PPF: Periportal fibrosis.

Table 3 Confusion matrix-orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis metabonomics model (mild vs significant periportal fibrosis) of 41 patients with Schistosomiasis mansoni, Pernambuco, Brazil, 2020

		Classification from WHO Niamey Protocol
		Significant PPF	Mild PPF	P valuea
Metabonomics Model	Significant PPF	28	0	< 0.0001
	Mild PPF	3	10

^aFisher’s exact test. 92.7% accuracy, 90.3% sensitivity, 100% specificity. PPV and NPV value equal to 100% and 76.9%, respectively.

PPF: Periportal fibrosis; WHO: World Health Organization.