Interrelationship between physical activity and depression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

doi:10.4254/wjh.v14.i3.612

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 14, Issue 3

This Article

Academic Content and Language Evaluation of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Supplementary Materials of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Number of Hits and Downloads for This Article

Total Article Views (3729)

All Articles published online

The chart showing PDF series, WORD series, HTML series, Figures (1-2) series, Tables (1-4) series.

Item

Count

PDF

211

WORD

HTML

1906

Figures (1-2)

235

Tables (1-4)

171

Sum=2606

Publishing Process of This Article

The chart showing Browse series, Download series.

Item

Count

Browse

360

Download

763

Sum=1123

Mar 27, 2022 (publication date) through Aug 24, 2024

Times Cited of This Article

Times Cited (3)

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Hepatology

ISSN

1948-5182

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

World J Hepatol. Mar 27, 2022; 14(3): 612-622
Published online Mar 27, 2022. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i3.612

Table 1 Demographic, lifestyle and general health comorbidities of participants according to the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

	All (n = 589)	Non-NAFLD (n = 354)	NAFLD (n = 235)	P value
Age, mean ± SD	59.97 ± 6.97	59.99 ± 7.40	59.94 ± 6.29	0.3959
Male, %	254 (43.12%)	131 (37.01%)	123 (52.34%)	0.0002
White, %	564 (95.76%)	340 (96.05%)	224 (95.32%)	0.6686
Smoking status, %
Current	70 (11.90%)	47 (13.31%)	23 (9.79%)	0.1958
Former	239 (40.65%)	141 (39.94%)	98 (41.70%)	0.6706
Non-smoker	279 (47.45%)	165 (46.74%)	114 (48.51%)	0.674
Regular exercise, %
Physically Inactive	171 (29.03%)	85 (24.01%)	86 (36.60%)	0.001
Moderate physical activity	230 (39.05%)	139 (39.27%)	91 (38.72%)	0.8949
Ideal physical activity	188 (31.92%)	130 (36.72%)	58 (24.68%)	0.0021
Obesity, % BMI
Lean	270 (45.84%)	255 (72.03%)	15 (6.38%)	< 0.0001
Overweight	234 (39.73%)	99 (27.97%)	135 (57.45%)	< 0.0001
Obese	85 (14.43%)	0 (0.00%)	85 (36.17%)	< 0.0001
History of CVD, %	40 (6.79%)	23 (6.50%)	17 (7.23%)	0.7278
History of arthritis, %	68 (11.54%)	39 (11.02%)	29 (12.34%)	0.6226
History of cancer (any), %	97 (16.47%)	48 (13.56%)	49 (20.85%)	0.0195
Insulin resistance, %	157 (26.66%)	48 (13.56%)	109 (46.38%)	< 0.0001
Hypertension, %	117 (19.86%)	66 (18.64%)	51 (21.70%)	0.3623
Hyperlipidemia, %	446 (75.72%)	245 (69.21%)	201 (85.53%)	< 0.0001
Diabetes, %	74 (12.56%)	19 (5.37%)	55 (23.40%)	< 0.0001
Metabolic syndrome¹, %	125 (21.26%)	23 (6.52%)	102 (43.40%)	< 0.0001
BDI, mean ± SD	4.00 ± 3.71	3.67 ± 3.62	4.49 ± 3.80	0.0041

CVD: Cardiovascular disease; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SD: Standard deviation. NCEP ATP III (2005 revision).

¹P value by nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test for continuous variables, chi-square test for categorical variable, Data are presented as the mean ± SD for numerical variables and count (%) for categorical variables.

Table 2 Demographic, lifestyle and general health comorbidities of participants according to the presence of depression and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

	Individuals with NAFLD			Individuals without NAFLD
	No depression (n = 207)	Depression (n = 28)	P value	No depression (n = 327)	Depression (n = 27)	P value
Age, mean ± SD	59.91 ± 6.34	60.15 ± 6.00	0.9433	60.02 ± 7.32	59.61 ± 8.44	0.9813
Male, %	115 (55.56%)	8 (28.57%)	0.0073	125 (38.23%)	6 (22.22%)	0.0978
White, %	197 (95.17%)	27 (96.43%)	0.7671	316 (96.64%)	24 (88.89%)	0.0471
Smoking status, %
Current	19 (9.18%)	4 (14.29%)	0.3934	41 (12.58%)	6 (22.22%)	0.1563
Former	86 (41.55%)	12 (42.86%)	0.8949	133 (40.80%)	8 (29.63%)	0.2549
Non-smoker	102 (49.28%)	12 (42.86%)	0.5236	152 (46.63%)	13 (48.15%)	0.8789
Regular exercise, %
Physically inactive	69 (33.33%)	17 (60.71%)	0.0048	75 (22.94%)	10 (37.04%)	0.0992
Moderate physical activity	86 (41.55%)	5 (17.86%)	0.0157	129 (39.45%)	10 (37.04%)	0.8051
Ideal physical activity	52 (25.12%)	6 (21.43%)	0.6706	123 (37.61%)	7 (25.93%)	0.2259
Obesity, % BMI
Lean	13 (6.28%)	2 (7.14%)	0.8609	232 (70.95%)	23 (85.19%)	0.1132
Overweight	118 (57.00%)	17 (60.71%)	0.7094	95 (29.05%)	4 (14.81%)	0.1132
Obese	76 (36.71%)	9 (32.14%)	0.6365	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	-------
History of CVD, %	14 (6.76%)	3 (10.71%)	0.4488	21 (6.42%)	2 (7.41%)	0.8417
History of arthritis, %	21 (10.14%)	8 (28.57%)	0.0054	37 (11.31%)	2 (7.41%)	0.5331
History of any cancer, %	46 (22.22%)	3 (10.71%)	0.1595	47 (14.37%)	1 (3.70%)	0.1196
Insulin resistance, %	97 (46.86%)	12 (42.86%)	0.6902	47 (14.37%)	1 (3.70%)	0.1196
Hypertension, %	44 (21.26%)	7 (25.00%)	0.6519	61 (18.65%)	5 (18.52%)	0.9861
Hyperlipidemia, %	177 (85.51%)	24 (85.71%)	0.9767	226 (69.11%)	19 (70.37%)	0.8918
Diabetes, %	50 (24.15%)	5 (17.86%)	0.4601	16 (4.89%)	3 (11.11%)	0.1682
Metabolic syndrome¹, %	91 (43.96%)	11 (39.29%)	0.6394	21 (6.44%)	2 (7.41%)	0.8451

CVD: Cardiovascular disease; SD: Standard deviation; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NCEP ATP III (2005 revision).

¹P value by nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test for continuous variables, chi-square test for categorical variable. Data are presented as the mean ± SD for numerical variables and count (%) for categorical variables.

Table 3 Univariable and multivariable changes in beck depression inventory according to physical activity, stratified by the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

	NAFLD		Non-NAFLD
	% change (95%CI)	P	% change (95%CI)	P
Unadjusted	-16.91 (-26.28 - -6.35)	0.0024	-8.96 (-18.25 - 1.38)	0.0871
Age-sex adjusted	-14.74 (-24.42 - -3.83)	0.0095	-6.79 (-16.35 - 3.87)	0.203
Model 1	-14.6 (-24.34 - -3.61)	0.01	-3.43 (-13.64 - 7.98)	0.54
Model 2	-16.12 (-25.6 - -5.44)	0.004	-3.27 (-13.49 - 8.15)	0.5592

Generalized linear regression with a gamma error distribution and a log-link function. Level of Physical activity is defined as a continuous variable (1 = inactive, 2 = moderate, 3 = Ideal); Model 1 adjusted for Physical activity, age, sex, current smoker, DM, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity; Model 2 adjusted for all variables in model 1 + history of CVD and history of cancer. NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Table 4 Univariable and multivariable changes in beck depression inventory score according to the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and level of physical activity

	Unadjusted		Age-sex adjusted		Model 1		Model 2
Group	% change (95%CI)	P	% change (95%CI)	P	% change (95%CI)	P	% change (95%CI)	P
Non-NAFLD with physical ideal	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Non-NAFLD with physical moderate	16.67 (-3.33 - 40.82)	0.108	11.5 (-7.68 - 34.67)	0.2584	7.77 (-11.05 - 30.58)	0.4447	6.99 (-11.65 - 29.56)	0.4891
Non-NAFLD with physical inactivity	19.85 (-2.87 - 47.89)	0.0913	14.15 (-7.5 - 40.87)	0.2174	8.25 (-12.74 - 34.29)	0.4708	8.34	0.4645
							(-12.58 - 34.26)
NAFLD with physical ideal	1.23 (-20.04 - 28.15)	0.919	3.31 (-18.23 - 30.53)	0.7849	-2.43 (-24.49 - 26.08)	0.851	-2.19 (-24.33 - 26.45)	0.866
NAFLD with physical moderate	23.08 (-0.09 - 51.63)	0.051	23.99 (0.79 - 52.53)	0.042	15.68	0.206	16.24 (-7.23 - 45.65)	0.1911
					(-7.7 - 44.98)
NAFLD with physical inactivity	46.84 (19.28 - 80.75)	0.0003	43.06 (16.39 - 75.84)	0.0007	35.02 (8.03 - 68.74)	0.0083	36.25 (9.1 - 70.16)	0.0064

Generalized linear regression with a gamma error distribution and a log-link function. Level of Physical activity is defined as a continuous variable (1 = Poor, 2 = moderate, 3 = Ideal); Model 1 adjusted for Physical activity, age, sex, current smoker, DM, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity; Model 2 adjusted for all variables in model 1 + history of CVD and history of cancer. NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Citation: Weinstein AA, De Avila L, Kannan S, Paik JM, Golabi P, Gerber LH, Younossi ZM. Interrelationship between physical activity and depression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2022; 14(3): 612-622
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v14/i3/612.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v14.i3.612