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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Hepatol. Mar 27, 2022; 14(3): 612-622
Published online Mar 27, 2022. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i3.612
Published online Mar 27, 2022. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i3.612
Table 1 Demographic, lifestyle and general health comorbidities of participants according to the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
All (n = 589) | Non-NAFLD (n = 354) | NAFLD (n = 235) | P value | |
Age, mean ± SD | 59.97 ± 6.97 | 59.99 ± 7.40 | 59.94 ± 6.29 | 0.3959 |
Male, % | 254 (43.12%) | 131 (37.01%) | 123 (52.34%) | 0.0002 |
White, % | 564 (95.76%) | 340 (96.05%) | 224 (95.32%) | 0.6686 |
Smoking status, % | ||||
Current | 70 (11.90%) | 47 (13.31%) | 23 (9.79%) | 0.1958 |
Former | 239 (40.65%) | 141 (39.94%) | 98 (41.70%) | 0.6706 |
Non-smoker | 279 (47.45%) | 165 (46.74%) | 114 (48.51%) | 0.674 |
Regular exercise, % | ||||
Physically Inactive | 171 (29.03%) | 85 (24.01%) | 86 (36.60%) | 0.001 |
Moderate physical activity | 230 (39.05%) | 139 (39.27%) | 91 (38.72%) | 0.8949 |
Ideal physical activity | 188 (31.92%) | 130 (36.72%) | 58 (24.68%) | 0.0021 |
Obesity, % BMI | ||||
Lean | 270 (45.84%) | 255 (72.03%) | 15 (6.38%) | < 0.0001 |
Overweight | 234 (39.73%) | 99 (27.97%) | 135 (57.45%) | < 0.0001 |
Obese | 85 (14.43%) | 0 (0.00%) | 85 (36.17%) | < 0.0001 |
History of CVD, % | 40 (6.79%) | 23 (6.50%) | 17 (7.23%) | 0.7278 |
History of arthritis, % | 68 (11.54%) | 39 (11.02%) | 29 (12.34%) | 0.6226 |
History of cancer (any), % | 97 (16.47%) | 48 (13.56%) | 49 (20.85%) | 0.0195 |
Insulin resistance, % | 157 (26.66%) | 48 (13.56%) | 109 (46.38%) | < 0.0001 |
Hypertension, % | 117 (19.86%) | 66 (18.64%) | 51 (21.70%) | 0.3623 |
Hyperlipidemia, % | 446 (75.72%) | 245 (69.21%) | 201 (85.53%) | < 0.0001 |
Diabetes, % | 74 (12.56%) | 19 (5.37%) | 55 (23.40%) | < 0.0001 |
Metabolic syndrome1, % | 125 (21.26%) | 23 (6.52%) | 102 (43.40%) | < 0.0001 |
BDI, mean ± SD | 4.00 ± 3.71 | 3.67 ± 3.62 | 4.49 ± 3.80 | 0.0041 |
Table 2 Demographic, lifestyle and general health comorbidities of participants according to the presence of depression and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Individuals with NAFLD | Individuals without NAFLD | |||||
No depression (n = 207) | Depression (n = 28) | P value | No depression (n = 327) | Depression (n = 27) | P value | |
Age, mean ± SD | 59.91 ± 6.34 | 60.15 ± 6.00 | 0.9433 | 60.02 ± 7.32 | 59.61 ± 8.44 | 0.9813 |
Male, % | 115 (55.56%) | 8 (28.57%) | 0.0073 | 125 (38.23%) | 6 (22.22%) | 0.0978 |
White, % | 197 (95.17%) | 27 (96.43%) | 0.7671 | 316 (96.64%) | 24 (88.89%) | 0.0471 |
Smoking status, % | ||||||
Current | 19 (9.18%) | 4 (14.29%) | 0.3934 | 41 (12.58%) | 6 (22.22%) | 0.1563 |
Former | 86 (41.55%) | 12 (42.86%) | 0.8949 | 133 (40.80%) | 8 (29.63%) | 0.2549 |
Non-smoker | 102 (49.28%) | 12 (42.86%) | 0.5236 | 152 (46.63%) | 13 (48.15%) | 0.8789 |
Regular exercise, % | ||||||
Physically inactive | 69 (33.33%) | 17 (60.71%) | 0.0048 | 75 (22.94%) | 10 (37.04%) | 0.0992 |
Moderate physical activity | 86 (41.55%) | 5 (17.86%) | 0.0157 | 129 (39.45%) | 10 (37.04%) | 0.8051 |
Ideal physical activity | 52 (25.12%) | 6 (21.43%) | 0.6706 | 123 (37.61%) | 7 (25.93%) | 0.2259 |
Obesity, % BMI | ||||||
Lean | 13 (6.28%) | 2 (7.14%) | 0.8609 | 232 (70.95%) | 23 (85.19%) | 0.1132 |
Overweight | 118 (57.00%) | 17 (60.71%) | 0.7094 | 95 (29.05%) | 4 (14.81%) | 0.1132 |
Obese | 76 (36.71%) | 9 (32.14%) | 0.6365 | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ------- |
History of CVD, % | 14 (6.76%) | 3 (10.71%) | 0.4488 | 21 (6.42%) | 2 (7.41%) | 0.8417 |
History of arthritis, % | 21 (10.14%) | 8 (28.57%) | 0.0054 | 37 (11.31%) | 2 (7.41%) | 0.5331 |
History of any cancer, % | 46 (22.22%) | 3 (10.71%) | 0.1595 | 47 (14.37%) | 1 (3.70%) | 0.1196 |
Insulin resistance, % | 97 (46.86%) | 12 (42.86%) | 0.6902 | 47 (14.37%) | 1 (3.70%) | 0.1196 |
Hypertension, % | 44 (21.26%) | 7 (25.00%) | 0.6519 | 61 (18.65%) | 5 (18.52%) | 0.9861 |
Hyperlipidemia, % | 177 (85.51%) | 24 (85.71%) | 0.9767 | 226 (69.11%) | 19 (70.37%) | 0.8918 |
Diabetes, % | 50 (24.15%) | 5 (17.86%) | 0.4601 | 16 (4.89%) | 3 (11.11%) | 0.1682 |
Metabolic syndrome1, % | 91 (43.96%) | 11 (39.29%) | 0.6394 | 21 (6.44%) | 2 (7.41%) | 0.8451 |
Table 3 Univariable and multivariable changes in beck depression inventory according to physical activity, stratified by the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
NAFLD | Non-NAFLD | |||
% change (95%CI) | P | % change (95%CI) | P | |
Unadjusted | -16.91 (-26.28 - -6.35) | 0.0024 | -8.96 (-18.25 - 1.38) | 0.0871 |
Age-sex adjusted | -14.74 (-24.42 - -3.83) | 0.0095 | -6.79 (-16.35 - 3.87) | 0.203 |
Model 1 | -14.6 (-24.34 - -3.61) | 0.01 | -3.43 (-13.64 - 7.98) | 0.54 |
Model 2 | -16.12 (-25.6 - -5.44) | 0.004 | -3.27 (-13.49 - 8.15) | 0.5592 |
Table 4 Univariable and multivariable changes in beck depression inventory score according to the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and level of physical activity
Unadjusted | Age-sex adjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
Group | % change (95%CI) | P | % change (95%CI) | P | % change (95%CI) | P | % change (95%CI) | P |
Non-NAFLD with physical ideal | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Non-NAFLD with physical moderate | 16.67 (-3.33 - 40.82) | 0.108 | 11.5 (-7.68 - 34.67) | 0.2584 | 7.77 (-11.05 - 30.58) | 0.4447 | 6.99 (-11.65 - 29.56) | 0.4891 |
Non-NAFLD with physical inactivity | 19.85 (-2.87 - 47.89) | 0.0913 | 14.15 (-7.5 - 40.87) | 0.2174 | 8.25 (-12.74 - 34.29) | 0.4708 | 8.34 | 0.4645 |
(-12.58 - 34.26) | ||||||||
NAFLD with physical ideal | 1.23 (-20.04 - 28.15) | 0.919 | 3.31 (-18.23 - 30.53) | 0.7849 | -2.43 (-24.49 - 26.08) | 0.851 | -2.19 (-24.33 - 26.45) | 0.866 |
NAFLD with physical moderate | 23.08 (-0.09 - 51.63) | 0.051 | 23.99 (0.79 - 52.53) | 0.042 | 15.68 | 0.206 | 16.24 (-7.23 - 45.65) | 0.1911 |
(-7.7 - 44.98) | ||||||||
NAFLD with physical inactivity | 46.84 (19.28 - 80.75) | 0.0003 | 43.06 (16.39 - 75.84) | 0.0007 | 35.02 (8.03 - 68.74) | 0.0083 | 36.25 (9.1 - 70.16) | 0.0064 |
- Citation: Weinstein AA, De Avila L, Kannan S, Paik JM, Golabi P, Gerber LH, Younossi ZM. Interrelationship between physical activity and depression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2022; 14(3): 612-622
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v14/i3/612.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v14.i3.612