Focal liver lesions found incidentally

Abstract

Incidentally found focal liver lesions are a common finding and a reason for referral to hepatobiliary service. They are often discovered in patients with history of liver cirrhosis, colorectal cancer, incidentally during work up for abdominal pain or in a trauma setting. Specific points should considered during history taking such as risk factors of liver cirrhosis; hepatitis, alcohol consumption, substance exposure or use of oral contraceptive pills and metabolic syndromes. Full blood count, liver function test and tumor markers can act as a guide to minimize the differential diagnosis and to categorize the degree of liver disease. Imaging should start with B-mode ultrasound. If available, contrast enhanced ultrasound is a feasible, safe, cost effective option and increases the ability to reach a diagnosis. Contrast enhanced computed tomography should be considered next. It is more accurate in diagnosis and better to study anatomy for possible operation. Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance is the gold standard with the highest sensitivity. If doubt still remains, the options are biopsy or surgical excision.

Key Words: Focal liver lesions; B-mode ultrasound; Ultrasound; Magnetic resonance; Fine needle biopsy; Computed tomography

Core tip: Focal liver lesions are being found more commonly, which may need further investigations. History and physical examination is essential part of work up. Blood work is an important adjunct in the patient’s journey. There are different modalities of imaging (B-mode ultrasound, contrast enhanced ultrasound, contrast enhanced computed tomography and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance); each has advantages and disadvantages. The decision of biopsy or surgery is kept for the treating team.

INTRODUCTION

Focal liver lesions (FLLs) are a common reason for consultation to a hepatobiliary service, they often need further work up, and investigations. They are often discovered in patients with a cirrhotic liver or colorectal cancer but can be found incidentally during work up for abdominal pain and sometimes in the trauma setting.

Incidental liver lesions are being found more commonly due to advancement in imaging modalities. In some reports, incidental FLLs were found in up to 33% of radiological studies. In autopsy cases, it reached more than 50%[1,2].

Unfortunately, there is no clear pathway for work up and with a wide differential diagnosis; these lesions may need multiple imaging modalities to characterize whether they are benign or malignant.

A cornerstone in evaluating these patients is history and physical examination. A deferential diagnosis of metastasis vs hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) should be considered for patients with family history of previous malignancies or chronic liver diseases. However, in a healthy population without significant medical background, the differential diagnosis should include wider possibilities, both benign and malignant.

Different modalities are being used to reach a definitive diagnosis. These include: B-mode ultrasound (B-US), contrast enhanced ultrasound (C-US), elastography, contrast enhanced computed tomography (C-CT) scan and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance (C-MR) imaging. Due to the lack of guidelines, most institutions are using all available modalities to establish a diagnosis, which is time consuming, uncomfortable, and not cost effective.

HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

Specific points should be taken in consideration as a part of history taking; risk factors for liver cirrhosis like hepatitis and alcohol consumption, exposure to substances known to cause liver lesions, use of the oral contraceptive pill should be elucidated especially in childbearing aged women. Obesity and metabolic syndromes and diabetes are know pathognomic factors for non alcoholic fatty liver disease which is know to increase hepatocellular cancer[3]. Patients with a previous cancer should raise the suspicion of a liver metastatic lesion. A family history of malignancy should also be clarified[4]. A history of fever and travel should raise the suspicion of infective process.

During physical examination of the patient-jaundice, cachexia, palpable masses, palpable lymph nodes and stigmata of liver disease - should be looked for (Table 1)[4].

Table 1 Clinical signs in-patients with liver disease.

General	Compensated	Decompensated
Jaundice	Xanthelasmas	Disorientation
Fever	Parotid enlargement	Drowsiness
Loss of body hair	Spider naevi	Coma
	Gyanecomastia	Hepatic flap
	Large or small liver	Fetor hepaticus
	Splenomegaly	Ascites
	Clubbing	Dilated veins on abdominalwall
	Liver palms	Oedema
	Dupuytren’s contracture
	Xanthoma
	Scratch marks
	Testicular atrophy
	Purpura
	Pigmented ulcers

The differential diagnosis of a liver lesion is wide, and can be benign requiring no treatment or an advanced malignant condition beyond cure. The list can be minimized with a careful clinical, chemical and radiological assessment (Table 2).

Table 2 Common differential diagnosis of focal liver lesions.

Benign lesions	Malignant lesions
Cystic lesion (5%-14%)	Metastasis (14.4)
Simple, infectious, pre malignant	Cystic lesions (8%)
Hemangioma (2%-20%)	Hepatocellular carcinoma (2%-6%)
Hepatic adenoma (3%)	Cholangiocarcinoma (2%)
Biliary hamartoma (1.5%)	Lymphoma
Regenerative nodule (11%)	Sarcoma

BLOOD WORKS

When requesting blood investigation for patients with FLL the results should answer three essential points.

The general condition of the patient; using a full blood count, renal profile, liver function test and albumin level.

The assessment of liver status using the above with the addition of a coagulation profile. These will help obtain a Childs-Pugh score and can be determinant in planning proper management plan.

Tumor markers such as carcinembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-feto protein (AFP) and cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) should be requested. A high-level of CEA should raise the possibilities of metastatic colorectal cancer. HCC and cholangiocarcinoma could have raised level of AFP and CA19-9 respectively. An elevated AFP (over 400 ng/mL) may confirm the diagnosis if combined with the addition of two confirmatory imaging techniques[5].

B-US

The limitation of any type of ultrasonography (USS) (B-mode or contrast enhanced) is the visualization of the whole liver. When the whole liver can be seen USS is a very useful screening test but in certain patients views of parts of the liver can be very limited which limits the usefulness of the investigation.

B-US is one of the most commonly used modalities to investigate the liver and can help to diagnose different pathology. In patients presenting with liver disease, abdominal pain and jaundice a B-US is usually requested. In the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma examination, liver lesions are found in approximately 12 of every 1000 patients examined[6]. B-US is also recommended in the surveillance for patients at a high risk of developing HCC[7,8].

The role of B-US in the diagnosing FLLs in a healthy patient is limited to a few diagnoses, of which hemangioma is the most common. Haematomas, hydatid cysts, and abscesses can be conveniently identified using B-US alone. The diagnosis of other FLLs with B-US alone is more challenging and rarely possible.

The use of pulsed and color Doppler USS is limited to focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) in which the central artery with radial distribution is a characteristic element present in approximately 80% of cases[9].

C-US

There are two main types of contrast used with ultrasound, micro-bubbles (MBs) and Sonazoid. MBs can be defined within different vascular phases: Arterial, portal and the delayed venous phase and are very useful in the detection of malignancies. Sonazoid is approved only in Japan and has an extra post-vascular phase (also called the Kupffer phase), MBs become phagocytosed by Kupffer cells and hence there is no post vascular phase when MBs are used.

Malignancies are characterized by hypo enhancement in the portal and venous phases as well as in the post-vascular phase, making their detection with C-US possible. C-US has been shown to be a reliable imaging technique for follow-up of metastatic liver disease with an accuracy of 91% compared to CT scan and MR imaging[10].

In imaging of HCCs C-US is more complicated. Well-differentiated HCC lesions are iso enhancing in late phases in 51% of cases only, meaning that other imaging modalities are required[11].

The use of USS contrast agents has radically changed the approach to the characterization of FLLs. C-US allows the classification of the majority of FLLs with a high diagnostic accuracy. The typical pattern of FLLs has been well described in the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology guidelines for C-US, originally published in 2004, updated in 2008, and soon to be updated again[12,13].

Excluding simple cysts (without enhancement in all phases), benign FLLs are generally characterized by an iso echoic pattern in the portal and late phases; because of the persistence of USS contrast agents in the sinusoidal space. In contrast, the washout of these agents in late phases is characteristic of malignant lesions.

Hervé Trillaud confirmed the superior results of real-time C-US for FLLs characterization, compared to that of unenhanced ultrasound. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the diagnostic accuracy of SonoVue^®-enhanced ultrasound was better in comparison to C- CT and C-MR[14].

Hohmann et al[15] using MBs agents in C-US with a long-lasting late phase, showed no significant difference in lesion detection compared with C-MR imaging.

ELASTOGRAPHY

Real-time (RT) elastography is a technique that can estimate the strain modules from radiofrequency signals in response to external compression and provide an estimation of tissue elasticity. This technique has been studied for the characterization of nodules in superficial structures such as the breast, thyroid, and prostate. Few studies are available concerning its application to the liver, particularly for the evaluation of liver fibrosis. Apart from its use for characterization, RT elastography has been studied for the detection of liver nodules in animal models and during surgery[16,17]. In the latter setting, it has been demonstrated to have a higher diagnostic accuracy than B-mode intraoperative USS in detecting lesions surrounded by a heterogeneous background or with an iso echoic pattern (96% vs 89%). Nevertheless, its role in the detection of FLLs is yet to be definitively assessed.

C-CT SCAN

C-CT scan is one of the essential imaging studies of FLL. The protocol and ability to acquire a multiphasic study is paramount in characterizing liver lesions. Triphasic images are the method of choice, which give a significant improvement in the result compared to single-phase studies[18]. The ability for three-dimensional reconstruction helps in assessing the vascular anatomy, the liver and tumor volumes. It also provides a good screening tool to the rest of the abdomen as well as to stage a malignant pathology. Differentiation between benign and malignant conditions is based on the degree of uptake of the contrast agent at different phases of the study. For example, hepatocellular cancer has an early uptake of contrast in the arterial phase with an early washout in the portal and delayed phases (Figure 1)[8]. One of the limitations of C-CT is the large dose of radiation given to the patient and the nephrotoxic effect of the iodine contrast that limit its use in patients with renal impairment.

Figure 1 Contrast enhanced computed tomography images of hepatocellular carcinoma. A 55 years old male, diabetic, presented with upper abdominal pain (arrows shows the lesion in different phases with clear washout at the venous phase).

C-MR SCAN

C-MR is the best modality for FLLs assessment, in both primary and metastatic malignancy. C-MR represents the current technique of choice in this setting since it is free of ionizing radiation as well as demonstrating a high contrast resolution using several sequences and different types of contrast media. The commonly used contrast media are gadolinium-chelates, which have an extra-cellular hepatic distribution which help in differentiating liver lesions and obtaining angiography. Other types of contrast agent have an intra-cellular distribution such as ferrumoxides and hence help to detect liver parenchymal lesions[19-21]. There is general agreement about the superiority of C-MR with extra-cellular contrast medium compared to the baseline study without contrast or with other types of contrast[22-26].

Primovist (Gd-EOB-DTPA) is a biphasic hepatobiliary magnetic resonance contrast agent. Dynamic C-MR imaging can be performed with the Gd-based extracellular contrast agents where the hemodynamic characteristics of the lesion can be studied. Following that, the hepatobiliary phase can be obtained when the contrast agents are excreted in both renal and biliary systems. Obtaining hepatobiliary phase can provide histological as well as functional information about lesions which might improve the diagnostic accuracy of FLLs[27]. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR can provide useful information to help characterizing benign and malignant focal lesions and not only to detect them (Figure 2)[28].

Figure 2 Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance images of focal nodular hyperplasia. A 30 years old female, medically free, had abdominal pain; ultrasonography showed gallstones and liver lesion (arrows shows the lesion with the characteristic central scar of FNH).

Soussan et al[29] reported that using gadolinium-based C-MR gives a diagnostic accuracy of 52%-66% for incidentally found solid liver lesions compared to 52%-53% with C-US.

Chung et al[30] demonstrated that Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR is more accurate to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions and more specific to diagnosis FNH and focal eosinophilic infiltration. Both dynamic C-CT and Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR had similar high diagnostic accuracy for hemangiomas and HCCs, whereas other relatively uncommon lesions such as inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, embryonal sarcoma or schwannoma are rarely diagnosed accurately on both modalities[30].

An advantage of C-MR is lack of ionizing radiation and the ability to use in renal impairment patients. It also provides a better characterization of liver lesions compared to other modalities. A drawback is the high cost and the longer procedure duration[30].

BIOPSY VS SURGERY

Radiological imaging, tumor markers and other information gathered through the assessment process are often diagnostic, and therefore biopsy is rarely needed. Biopsy increases risks of bleeding and needle-track seeding. Biopsy of hepatic adenomas, FNH, and hemangioma has an increased risk of bleeding[31]. It has been reported that biopsy of HCCs are associated with a significant risk of needle-track seeding (1.6%-5%)[4,32,33].

A group of investigators studied 160 patients with FLLs. Preoperative fine needle biopsy was not performed. After surgery, 98% of preoperative diagnosis was confirmed histologically[34].

In rare cases imaging might not be conclusive, and hence, a surgical resection for definitive diagnosis might be needed. Resection will confirm the diagnosis, prevent progression of premalignant conditions and will reduce the risk of bleeding or seeding if biopsy were done. Other indication for surgery is resectable lesion, which has been characterized on imaging, and a diagnosis has been made.

Fine-needle liver biopsy of FLLs is generally reserved for patients who are not surgical candidates and can be done at the same time of non-surgical treatments such as radiofrequency ablation or trans arterial chemoembolization.

CONCLUSION

Incidentally found FLLs should be thoroughly assessed using history and physical examination in association with blood tests as the starting point to formulate a differential diagnosis. Imaging modalities should be used wisely to save cost but to get the highest sensitivity possible. Ultrasound is fast, feasible, safe, cost effective and if combined with contrast, has an increased sensitivity in reaching the diagnosis but C-CT has a greater accuracy in diagnosis, is more widely applicable (less influenced by body morphology) and is helpful to study liver anatomy. C-MR is the modality of choice with the highest sensitivity. Biopsy should be reserved for questionable lesions where surgery is not an option.