Scientometrics Open Access
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Hepatol. Jun 27, 2024; 16(6): 951-965
Published online Jun 27, 2024. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i6.951
Mapping the global research landscape on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance: A visualization and bibliometric study
Sa'ed H Zyoud, Samah W Al-Jabi, Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 44839, Palestine
Sa'ed H Zyoud, Clinical Research Center, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus 44839, Palestine
Omar E Hegazi, Samer O Alalalmeh, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
Muna Shakhshir, Department of Nutrition, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus 44839, Palestine
Faris Abushamma, Shadi Khilfeh, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 44839, Palestine
Faris Abushamma, Department of Urology, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus 44839, Palestine
Shadi Khilfeh, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus 44839, Palestine
ORCID number: Sa'ed H Zyoud (0000-0002-7369-2058); Muna Shakhshir (0000-0002-6213-8457); Faris Abushamma (0000-0002-0530-5466); Samah W Al-Jabi (0000-0002-4414-9427).
Co-corresponding authors: Sa'ed H Zyoud and Samah W Al-Jabi.
Author contributions: Zyoud SH played a pivotal role in the conceptualization and design of the research project, overseeing the data management and analysis, generating figures, and making significant contributions to the literature search and interpretation; Zyoud SH drafted the manuscript; Al-Jabi SW made substantial contributions to the study design, data screening and extraction, data interpretation, and preparation of the manuscript; Alalalmeh SO, Hegazi OE, Shakhshir MH, Abushamma F, and Khilfeh S were actively involved in the data interpretation, contributed to the writing of the manuscript, and participated in the initial draft revision; All authors contributed to the writing and approved the manuscript for submission. Zyoud SH and Al-Jabi SW contributed equally to this manuscript as co-corresponding authors.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no financial disclosures or conflicts of interest to declare.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Sa'ed H Zyoud, PhD, Director, Full Professor, Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Academic Street, Nablus 44839, Palestine. saedzyoud@yahoo.com
Received: January 23, 2024
Revised: April 29, 2024
Accepted: June 4, 2024
Published online: June 27, 2024
Processing time: 149 Days and 1 Hours

Abstract
BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver condition that is prevalent worldwide and associated with significant health risks and economic burdens. As it has been linked to insulin resistance (IR), this study aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis and visually represent the scientific literature on IR and NAFLD.

AIM

To map the research landscape to underscore critical areas of focus, influential studies, and future directions of NAFLD and IR.

METHODS

This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of the literature on IR and NAFLD indexed in the SciVerse Scopus database from 1999 to 2022. The search strategy used terms from the literature and medical subject headings, focusing on terms related to IR and NAFLD. VOSviewer software was used to visualize research trends, collaborations, and key thematic areas. The analysis examined publication type, annual research output, contributing countries and institutions, funding agencies, journal impact factors, citation patterns, and highly cited references.

RESULTS

This analysis identified 23124 documents on NAFLD, revealing a significant increase in the number of publications between 1999 and 2022. The search retrieved 715 papers on IR and NAFLD, including 573 (80.14%) articles and 88 (12.31%) reviews. The most productive countries were China (n = 134; 18.74%), the United States (n = 122; 17.06%), Italy (n = 97; 13.57%), and Japan (n = 41; 5.73%). The leading institutions included the Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy (n = 29; 4.06%), and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy (n = 19; 2.66%). The top funding agencies were the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases in the United States (n = 48; 6.71%), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (n = 37; 5.17%). The most active journals in this field were Hepatology (27 publications), the Journal of Hepatology (17 publications), and the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (13 publications). The main research hotspots were “therapeutic approaches for IR and NAFLD” and “inflammatory and high-fat diet impacts on NAFLD”.

CONCLUSION

This is the first bibliometric analysis to examine the relationship between IR and NAFLD. In response to the escalating global health challenge of NAFLD, this research highlights an urgent need for a better understanding of this condition and for the development of intervention strategies. Policymakers need to prioritize and address the increasing prevalence of NAFLD.

Key Words: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Insulin resistance; Bibliometric; Visualization

Core Tip: Although numerous bibliometric studies have investigated insulin resistance (IR) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), few studies have explored the correlation of these two conditions. As explained here, understanding the interplay between IR and NAFLD is crucial for enhancing patient health outcomes. Consequently, this study aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis and visually represent the scientific literature pertaining to IR and NAFLD. Through mapping the research landscape, the study also aimed to emphasize key areas of focus, influential works, and potential future directions.
INTRODUCTION

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide[1]. NAFLD is defined as a spectrum of disorders that, in the absence of a secondary cause (e.g., excessive alcohol consumption), share the characteristic of hepatic stenosis. A 2022 study concluded that NAFLD impacts the lives of more than 47 individuals per 1000 people, with another study from the same year projecting that NAFLD will affect more than half the population by 2040[1,2]. Taken together, these findings indicate that NAFLD is a significant public health concern that necessitates immediate action as uncontrolled NAFLD can progress to severe conditions, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, and is coupled with an increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases that substantially increases the risk of mortality[3,4]. The effect of NAFLD is not limited to an increased risk of mortality. The direct and indirect costs of managing the condition alongside the loss of productivity of its patients are substantial[5]. In the United States alone, NAFLD expenditures can reach 103 billion USD; this excludes its complications, which, if considered, can increase the costs to more than 908 billion USD[6,7].

Other conditions, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and obesity, have also been on the rise over the last few decades. This is not surprising given that these conditions are not independent; rather they are associated with one another in various ways[8,9]. For example, patients with NAFLD and obesity often have increased intraabdominal fat, which is hypothesized contributes to insulin resistance (IR). This resistance may lead to increased delivery of free fatty acids to the liver, stimulating lipogenesis and aggravating hepatic steatosis. Conversely, in rat models, fat accumulation in the liver might be the primary cause of hepatic IR[10]. Furthermore, hepatic insulin sensitivity is improved in individuals who consume a diet intended to reduce hepatic fat[11].

Diet, lifestyle, and inflammatory cytokines all have major effects on IR. Currently, insulin sensitizers and lifestyle alterations are essential for managing and treating this illness. The use of insulin receptor cascade regulators and fresh perspectives on the prevention and treatment of primary IR are examples of future therapeutic targets. However, new discoveries have led to an improved understanding of insulin signaling and the mechanisms underlying IR. Additionally, sedentary lifestyles, high-fat and refined-carbohydrate diets, and inflammatory cytokines have all been connected to IR[12-14]. Among the endocrine disorders associated with this illness are obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and arterial hypertension[12]. An ideal lifestyle and, in the case of obesity, weight loss is the most crucial treatment component[14,15]. For instance, it has been clinically demonstrated that metformin causes insulin sensitization in high-risk individuals. With the use of laboratory concepts related to insulin and glucose, the disease was discovered and confirmed to be a significant entity in metabolism. This work is currently being conducted and put into practice[16]. Research has investigated the relationship between IR and the development of cardiometabolic disorders[17,18]. Realistic therapeutic targets were identified after a thorough analysis of insulin signaling and IR mechanisms[19]. Additionally, as possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of IR, researchers are investigating the actions of insulin receptor cascade regulators[19]. Research is being conducted to learn more about the functions of the intestinal microbiota, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, autonomic nervous system, endocrine hormones, and vitamin D deficiency in the prevention and management of IR[17].

There is currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for NAFLD. However, management strategies have been proposed. One popular strategy is weight loss, with studies showing that a reduction of up to 5% in body weight improves liver fat content and fibrosis[4,20]. Some pharmacological agents have been suggested, but all remain under investigation. For example, metformin has yielded varying results in improving the liver conditions associated with NAFLD. Some studies have reported improved liver function[21,22], but others have shown no significant changes[23,24]. Another proposed class of pharmacological agent is thiazolidinediones, which have demonstrated the potential to improve liver function and decrease hepatic fat content in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients[25-27]. Other treatments, such as statins, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidant therapies, have shown mixed results[28-31].

It is essential to review and analyze existing studies to understand the current trends and gaps in research on the relationship between IR and NAFLD. A bibliometric analysis, which uses statistical methods to examine research publications, can help. This approach provides an overview of significant developments, major contributors, and notable papers. In addition, visualization techniques can reveal research and collaboration patterns and central themes resulting from the bibliometric analysis[32-34].

Numerous studies have examined research trends within the microbiota and liver, encompassing various diseases[35-42]. While there have been several studies on IR[43-45] and NAFLD[46-49], few have explored the relationship between them. Understanding the relationship between IR and NAFLD is essential for improving patient health outcomes. Thus, this study aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis and to visualize the scientific literature on IR and NAFLD. By mapping the research landscape, this study highlights critical areas of focus, influential works, and future directions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study design

This comprehensive cross-sectional analysis used bibliometric methods to analyze publications addressing IR and NAFLD that were published between 1999 and 2022.

Database used

The progression and expansion of the literature concerning IR and NAFLD were examined in publications retrieved from the SciVerse Scopus database. The use of this database is justified for several reasons[50-55]. First, Scopus includes more than 30000 indexed journals across health and the social, life, and physical sciences. Second, SciVerse entirely includes PubMed journals and surpasses the Web of Science the number of indexed journals. Third, Scopus offers various features that streamline bibliometric analysis. It is important to note that this database is biased toward publications from English-speaking countries and English-language journals[56]. As, the Web of Science faces a similar bias issue, Scopus was the most pragmatic choice. For these reasons, Scopus is widely regarded as exceptionally comprehensive because it encompasses publications from both PubMed and Web of Science[53,54].

Search strategy

A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the Scopus database to identify relevant studies investigating the association between IR and NAFLD. The search included publications up to December 31, 2022. It was conducted on November 17, 2023 to ensure that all relevant research items were retrieved and to reduce bias from database updates. Multiple broad terms and phrases were used to ensure that all IR and NAFLD research was retrieved.

The data for this study were extracted according to the following steps. Step 1: A group of search terms related to NAFLD was used. The terms were extracted from existing systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and medical subject headings from PubMed. For article retrieval, the terms were then inserted into the “Article Title” field of the Scopus search engine. Step 2: The retrieved publications were further refined by restricting the scope to those containing “IR and associated terms” within their titles. Terms pertaining to IR were meticulously selected from a collection of previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses[57-59]. Subsequently, the terms “IR” and “insulin sensitivity” were used as search criteria within the article titles. Step 3: The research deliberately restricted its focus to scientific journal articles, meticulously excluding nonscholarly publications such as books, book chapters, retracted articles, and errata.

Validation of the search query

The investigation substantiated the search query by applying two distinct criteria. Two experts specializing in bibliometric sciences assessed the top 50 most common documents and documents with even numerical identifiers (55, 60, 65, 70, etc) in the retrieved document list. The experts scrutinized the documents in an Excel spreadsheet to identify false-positive results. In instances of disagreement, the principal investigator adjudicated the final judgment. The absence of false-positive results served as the validity indicator, and the author iteratively refined the search query until both reviewers concurred on its absence.

After this validation, the experts were instructed to compare the publication counts of the top 20 active authors with the number of articles attributed to each author, as documented in their respective Scopus profiles. The results obtained by both methods underwent correlation testing to assess significance and correlation. The correlation test revealed a robust correlation coefficient (r = 0.976), and the statistical significance (P < 0.001) emphasized the precision of the search query. This dual-method approach aimed to confirm the absence of false-negative outcomes, drawing inspiration from established bibliometric studies[60,61]. Notably, the inclusion of keywords in the title search, as opposed to a title/abstract search, was employed to enhance the reliability of the approach. Consequently, the title search method emerged as reliable, with minimal retrieval of false-positive documents. In contrast, the title/abstract search method[62-65] yielded numerous false positives that did not have a specific focus on IR and NAFLD.

Bibliometric indicators

This study systematically assigned the fundamental bibliometric indicators to four main classifications following established norms used in previous bibliometric analyses[66-69]. The four main classifications were: (1) Analysis of the research output and publication progress concerning IR and NAFLD, which included metrics such as the total number of articles, the year of publication, and the trends of the publications; (2) Identification of origin and study patterns in publications, which focused on identifying the countries that contributed substantially to the collective body of research; (3) Evaluation of publication productivity, which investigated the top prolific institutions and funding agencies actively involved in this field; and (4) Assessment of the quality of publication output, which examined the most frequently cited articles, citation patterns, the Hirsch index (h-index), and most prolific journals and their corresponding impact factors. The impact index per article was displayed for the top 10 highly cited papers sourced from the Reference Citation Analysis (RCA) database. RCA, an open multidisciplinary citation analysis database, is owned by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. headquartered in Pleasanton, CA 94566, United States[70-72].

Visualization analysis

VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20; Van Eck & Waltman, www.vosviewer.com) was used to construct visual representations illustrating collaborations among countries via network maps[73-75]. To generate a term co-occurrence map in VOSviewer, only terms occurring at least 20 times in the title and abstract were considered under binary counting. The terms with the highest relevance scores were selected to construct a term map for network visualization. The algorithm was designed to ensure that terms with more frequent co-occurrences manifested as larger bubbles and that similar terms were positioned close together. A unique color was assigned to each term to visually represent the frequency of occurrence of each in the overlay. In contrast to yellow and green, which denote keywords that appeared more recently, blue was used to indicate keywords that appeared earlier in the time course[73-75].

RESULTS
General description of the retrieved publications

A global search of publications between 1973 and 2022 revealed a substantial collection of 23124 NAFLD-related documents, as indicated in their titles. Among these scholarly works, 715 examined NAFLD and its association with IR from 1999 to 2022. Articles were the most prevalent form of NAFLD and IR literature, accounting for 573 publications (80.14%). A total of 88 reviews were found, representing 12.31% of the total. The remaining five publication types, which included letters, notes, editorials, meeting minutes, and brief surveys, accounted for 54 documents, or 7.56% of the total.

Growth and productivity trends

The volume of publications on IR and NAFLD has steadily increased from 1999 to 2022. This growth can be divided into two distinct phases. The first phase, spanning from 1999 to 2010, was characterized by rapid growth, and the second phase, from 2011 to 2022, had a more stable and consistent increase. Reflecting this trend, the average annual publication rate increased from 16.33 per year in the first phase to 43.25 per year in the second phase. Statistical analysis using linear regression confirmed this observation, revealing a modest positive correlation (R2 = 0.7865, P < 0.001) between the annual publication count and the corresponding year of publication (Figure 1).

Figure 1
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Figure 1 Growth trend of publications on insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease from 1999 to 2022.
Top active countries

Between 1999 and 2022, more than 60 countries actively conducted and published studies on NAFLD and its correlation with IR. The top 10 countries collectively authored 524 articles, constituting 73.28% of all the contributions in this field (Table 1). Notably, China was the foremost contributor, with 134 articles (18.74%), followed by the United States, with 122 articles (17.06%); Italy, with 97 articles (13.57%); and Japan, with 41 articles (5.73%). Furthermore, the United States and China led in international collaboration, boasting the greatest number of publications involving scholars from various countries. For a visual representation of international research collaborations on IR and NAFLD from 1999 to 2022, refer to Figure 2, which shows a network map of the key participating countries.

Figure 2
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Figure 2 Visualization of global research collaborations in insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A network map spanning 1999 to 2022. Nodes indicate countries with significant collaborations (minimum of five publications per country) among 60 active nations. Size indicates the publication count.
Table 1 Top 10 countries leading in research on insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Publications spanning 1999 to 2022.
Ranking1
Country
Number of documents
%
1stChina13418.74
2ndUnited States12217.06
3rdItaly9713.57
4thJapan415.73
4thSouth Korea415.73
6thIran354.90
7thSpain324.48
8thTurkey324.48
9thGermany233.22
10thUnited Kingdom233.22
1Gap is left in the next ranking number when specific countries are given the same number.
Top 10 active institutions

Table 2 shows the 10 most productive institutes with publications on NAFLD and its association with IR from 1999 to 2022. These institutions collectively accounted for 12.30% (n = 88) of the published articles. The Università degli Studi di Torino in Italy was the most prolific contributor, with 29 articles (4.06%), followed by the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche in Italy, with 19 articles (2.66%), and the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna in Italy, with 16 articles (2.24%). Italy had seven institutions on the list, the United States had two, and South Korea had one.

Table 2 Top 10 most productive institutions in research related to insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease from 1999 to 2022.
Ranking1
Institute
Country
No. of documents
%
1stUniversità degli Studi di TorinoItaly294.06
2ndConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheItaly192.66
3rdAlma Mater Studiorum Università di BolognaItaly162.24
4thSapienza Università di RomaItaly131.82
5thIRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino GesùItaly121.68
6thIstituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNRItaly111.54
6thSKKU School of MedicineSouth Korea111.54
6thYale School of MedicineUnited States111.54
9thUniversità degli Studi di MilanoItaly101.40
10thUniversity of FloridaUnited States91.26
1Gap is left in the next ranking number when specific institutes are given the same number.
Top 10 funding agencies

A total of 275 publications, accounting for 38.5% of the retrieved articles, were supported by funding. Table 3 lists the top 10 funding agencies associated with NAFLD and its correlation with IR from 1999 to 2022. These 10 agencies collectively contributed 19.86% (n = 142) of the published articles. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases in the United States (n = 48; 6.71%) emerged as the most active funding agency in the field, followed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (n = 37; 5.17%), and the National Institutes of Health in the United States (n = 31; 4.34%).

Table 3 Top 10 most productive funding agencies for research on insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease from 1999 to 2022.
Ranking1
Funding agency
Country
No. of documents
%
1stNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesUnited States486.71
2ndNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaChina375.17
3rdNational Institutes of HealthUnited States314.34
4thNational Center for Research ResourcesUnited States182.52
5thJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceJapan172.38
6thNational Center for Advancing Translational SciencesUnited States131.82
7thSeventh Framework ProgrammeEuropean Union’s101.40
8thHorizon 2020 Framework ProgrammeEuropean Union’s91.26
9thInstituto de Salud Carlos IIISpain81.12
9thNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteUnited States81.12
9thUnited States Department of Veterans AffairsUnited States81.12
1Gap is left in the next ranking number when specific funding agencies are given the same number.
Top 10 most active journals

Table 4 shows that the leading 10 journals/sources contributed 19.18% (n = 137) of the overall research publications focused on NAFLD and its correlation with IR. Hepatology [impact factor (IF) 14.0, 2022] had the most publications, with 27, followed by the Journal of Hepatology (IF 25.7, 2022), with 17, and the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (IF 5.8, 2022), with 13.

Table 4 Top 10 journals with the largest volume of research on insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 1999-2022.
Ranking1
Journal/source title
No. of documents
%
IF2
1stHepatology273.7814.0
2ndJournal of Hepatology172.3825.7
3rdJournal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism131.825.8
3rdNutrients131.825.9
5thScientific Reports111.544.6
6thLiver International101.406.7
6thChinese Journal of Hepatology101.40NA
8thAmerican Journal of Gastroenterology91.2610.2
8thPlos One91.263.7
8thWorld Chinese Journal of Digestology91.26NA
8thWorld Journal of Gastroenterology91.264.3
1Gap is left in the next ranking number when specific journals are given the same number.
2Impact factor based on Clarivate Analytics Journal Citation Reports 2022.
IF: Impact factor.
Analysis of citations

The collected articles had received a total of 42590 citations, with an average of 59.57 and an h-index of 99. Among these articles, 71 were not cited, and 96 had more than 100 citations. The citation count for these articles varied from 0 to 1826. Table 5 shows the top 10 publications on NAFLD and its association with IR, and they account for 9149 citations. The number of citations for these publications ranged from 545 to 1826[10,11,76-83]. The impact index per article of the 10 most cited articles ranged from 23.9 to 116.0 (Table 5).

Table 5 The 10 most cited articles on insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease from 1999 to 2022.
Ref.
Title
Year
Source title
Cited by
Impact index per article1
Sanyal et al[76], 2001Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities2001Gastroenterology182662.4
Marchesini et al[77], 1999Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance1999American Journal of Medicine133142.0
Jung and Choi[78], 2014Obesity and its metabolic complications: The role of adipokines and the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease2014International Journal of Molecular Sciences1265116.0
Samuel et al[10], 2004Mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease2004Journal of Biological Chemistry106247.1
Pagano et al[79], 2002Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: Further evidence for an etiologic association2002Hepatology65923.9
Utzschneider and Kahn[11], 2006Review: The role of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease2006Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism65732.6
Musso et al[80], 2003Dietary habits and their relations to insulin resistance and postprandial lipemia in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis2003Hepatology62724.2
Gaggini et al[81], 2013Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its connection with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease2013Nutrients59449.7
Bugianesi et al[82], 2005Insulin resistance in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Sites and mechanisms2005Diabetologia58326.2
Birkenfeld and Shulman[83], 2014Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic insulin resistance, and type 2 Diabetes2014Hepatology54549.8
1The impact index per article is presented based on reference citation analysis [Source: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc (Pleasanton, CA 94566, United States)].
Co-occurrence analysis

VOSviewer was used to perform a co-occurrence analysis of the title and abstract content of the publications, explicitly emphasizing IR and NAFLD (Figure 3). The resulting co-occurrence network revealed three distinct clusters representing the primary research priorities concerning IR and NAFLD. Each cluster was distinguished by different colors (red for cluster 1, green for cluster 2, and blue for cluster 3), and terms associated with specific research topics were included. Cluster 1 includes publications on “population health implications”, addressing IR and NAFLD’s significant population health ramifications in light of the global increase in obesity and metabolic disorders. Ongoing discussions center on public health strategies for prevention and management. Cluster 2 focused on “inflammation and high-fat diets”, exploring the potential contribution of high-fat diets, particularly those imbalanced in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and those rich in highly saturated and trans fats, to inflammation, which is linked to IR and NAFLD. Cluster 3 publications addressed “therapeutic approaches”, emphasizing the challenge of developing effective therapeutic strategies for IR and NAFLD through clinical trials. The exploration included lifestyle interventions, pharmacological treatments, and novel therapies to manage and potentially reverse these conditions. Notably, the terms within each cluster have robust connections, underscoring the coherence of the research within these thematic areas.

Figure 3
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Figure 3 Visualization map of term networks in the titles and abstracts of publications on insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease between 1999 and 2022. The map was generated with a minimum term occurrence set at 20 times, resulting in 211 terms meeting this criterion among 34784 in the field. The terms are organized into three clusters, each shown in a different color. The size of each node corresponds to the number of publications utilizing that particular term.
Analysis of future research directions

The term co-occurrence analysis (Figure 4) revealed evolving trends in publications on NAFLD and IR. Notably, recent studies (post-2015) investigated the effects of inflammation and a high-fat diet on the development of IR and NAFLD, as well as therapeutic approaches. These investigations underscore the challenge of devising effective therapeutic strategies, emphasizing the shift from earlier publications (pre-2015) that primarily focused on “population health implications”. These earlier works addressed the significant population health implications of IR and NAFLD in the context of the global rise in obesity and metabolic disorders.

Figure 4
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Figure 4 Visualization map of the network of terms in the title/abstracts of publications on insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (1999-2022) with analysis of their distribution by mean frequency. Chronological emergence: Blue terms first, followed by yellow and green terms.
DISCUSSION

This is the first bibliometric analysis to provide an overview of the NAFLD and IR research landscape. The study covered research published between 1999 and 2022, including research trends, collaborations, and main thematic areas. Additionally, publication type, annual research output, contributing countries and institutions, funding agencies, journal impact factors, citation patterns, and highly cited references were analyzed.

The analysis revealed that after 2011, there was a substantial increase in publication output, which could signify that this point marked the beginning of significant interest in the topic. This increase might also indicate that at that time, the scientific community began to recognize the urgency of understanding the relationship between NAFLD and IR. A significant positive correlation was found between the year of publication and the publication output using linear regression, further corroborating these findings.

The growth in publications on this subject was gradual and consistent with the increased interest in the topic. Some of those publications include Watt et al’s[84] analysis, of the effect of impaired liver lipid metabolism in NAFLD on the release of liver proteins, metabolites, and miRNAs, which influence metabolism in other tissues and lead to IR. Subsequently, elevated levels of IR, as described in a study by Angelico et al[85], more commonly coincide with severe stenosis. This relationship between NAFLD and IR was also observed by Kumashiro et al[86], who posited that the hepatic diacylglycerol content is the most accurate marker of IR.

These studies collectively emphasize that NAFLD is a threat to global health, highlighting the lack of a comprehensive understanding of NAFLD pathogenesis. Studies have suggested using preclinical models for more extensive research on this condition to mitigate this lack of understanding, and some have proposed combining herbal remedies with conventional lifestyle interventions and pharmacological management strategies for better NAFLD control[31,87-90].

A global effort can be observed in NAFLD and IR research involving more than 60 countries, with China and the United States in the number of publications, consistent with their longstanding leadership in biomedical research[91,92]. This notable publication lead in the United States can be attributed to substantial funding, advanced research facilities, and a solid scientific culture. Additionally, the United States’ focus on these areas may stem from increasing rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome[93]. Financial support from agencies such as the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the National Institutes of Health drove this research, as indicated by our findings and those of other studies[94-97].

China is also seeing more funding and an increased publication output in this field, partly due to substantial research investments and the increased number of metabolic syndrome cases caused by rapid urbanization[98-100]. The National Natural Science Foundation of China is the most influential funding source for this research, as shown in other studies[101-103] and corroborated by our findings. Josol et al’s[90] bibliometric analysis shows that this phenomenon is not exclusive to China but is also apparent in Southeast Asia. Research productivity is linked to socioeconomic factors, particularly economic status and research and development spending. In addition, NAFLD research in the region has focused on topics such as metabolic syndrome, diagnostics, treatment, and epigenetics.

In addition to China and the United States, countries such as Italy, Japan, South Korea, Iran, Spain, Turkey, Germany, and the United Kingdom are significant contributors to NAFLD research, driven by global interest in NAFLD and the goal of finding its treatment. This diversity of research locations can also be observed in the top institutional contributions, with Italian institutions such as the Università degli Studi di Torino and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche leading in publications. The research interest of these institutions in the subject is demonstrated by the establishment of the “NAFLD Study Group” at the Università degli Studi di Torino and the contributions of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche to various NAFLD-related projects[104,105].

The analysis of publication journals revealed that journals such as Hepatology, the Journal of Hepatology, and the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism are leading in publishing high-impact research. Citation analysis further highlights the impact of the research in this field. A high average citation count and h-index highlight the impact. Of NAFLD-IR research impact and its ongoing relevance[11,76,79]. Co-occurrence analysis revealed distinct research clusters that have evolved over time. The shift from discussing population health implications in early publications to a more recent focus on inflammation and high-fat diets and therapeutic approaches mirrors the shifting global focus on lifestyle factors and therapeutic advancements in understanding and managing NAFLD and IR[106-111].

Strengths and limitations

This study had several limitations. First, it relied solely on Scopus, possibly overlooking studies not in this database. Second, the approach may have missed discussions of the relationship between NAFLD and IR in other types of articles. Third, inaccuracies could have arisen in identifying research origins based on affiliations. Fourth, the focus was on NAFLD and IR, excluding factors such as genetics. Fifth, only English-language publications were considered. Finally, the study is primarily descriptive and did not evaluate the quality or impact of individual studies in NAFLD research.

CONCLUSION

This was the first bibliometric analysis of NAFLD and IR research. The increase in publications, especially after 2011, indicates growing interest in this field. The significant topics of interest included lifestyle impact, treatment strategies, and metabolic disorders. Notable contributions came from several countries, with China and the United States being the most prominent. Given the urgency and worldwide impact of NAFLD, it is now necessary for global policymakers and health authorities to pay attention to this topic.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author thanks An-Najah National University for all the administrative assistance during the implementation of the project.

Footnotes

Provenance and peer review: Invited article; Externally peer reviewed.

Peer-review model: Single blind

Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology

Country of origin: Palestine

Peer-review report’s classification

Scientific Quality: Grade B, Grade D

Novelty: Grade B, Grade C

Creativity or Innovation: Grade B, Grade B

Scientific Significance: Grade B, Grade C

P-Reviewer: Feng Y, China S-Editor: Lin C L-Editor: Filipodia P-Editor: Yuan YY

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