Nano-revolution in hepatocellular carcinoma: A multidisciplinary odyssey - Are we there yet?

Abstract

In this editorial we comment on the review by Zhou et al reviewing the landscape of nanomedicine in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We focus on the immense potential of nanotechnology, particularly ligand-receptor mediated nanotherapy, in revolutionizing the treatment landscape of HCC. Despite advancements in multidisciplinary treatment, HCC remains a significant global health challenge. Ligand-mediated nanotherapy offers the opportunity for precise drug delivery to tumor sites, targeting specific receptors overexpressed in HCC cells, thereby enhancing efficacy and minimizing side effects. Overcoming drug resistance and aggressive tumor biology is facilitated by nanomedicine, bypassing traditional hurdles encountered in chemotherapy. Examples include targeting glypican-3, asialoglycoprotein, transferrin receptor or folic acid receptors, capitalizing on their over-expression in tumor cells. The ability for multi-receptor targeting through dual-ligand nanoparticle modification holds the prospect of further enhancement in specificity and efficacy of directed therapy. However, challenges including immune responses, reproducibility in nanoparticle synthesis, and production scalability remain. Future directions involve refining targeting strategies, improving drug release mechanisms, and streamlining production processes to enable personalized and multifunctional nanotherapies. Overall, the integration of nanotherapy in HCC treatment holds immense promise, but continued partnership and effort are needed in offering hope for more effective, precise, and accessible clinical care in the management of HCC.

Key Words: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Nanomedicine, Ligand-receptor mediated nanotherapy, Precision medicine, Personalized medicine, Targeting

Core Tip: Despite recent advances in locoregional and systemic therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, current conventional treatment of advanced disease only offers limited survival benefit. Systemic therapy is particularly constrained by the inability for precise targeting of tumor cells, thus leading to systemic adverse effects and decreased efficacy in treatment. Nanotherapy holds the potential to overcome these traditional constraints but remains primarily a proof of concept at this juncture with in vivo studies in animal models. Further research and collaboration will ultimately lead to clinical applicability.

INTRODUCTION

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to pose a significant threat to global health. Despite rapid growth in multidisciplinary treatment and the evolution in systemic therapy in recent years, the overall survival in patients with advanced HCC remains poor owing to the tumor’s extraordinary heterogeneity, challenges in the treatment landscape and drug resistance[1,2]. In pursuing effective therapeutic strategies, the convergence of nanotechnology and precision medicine to enhance drug delivery, improve efficacy, and minimize adverse effects has led researchers to explore the vast potential of nanoparticles. As highlighted in the review titled “Precision targeting in hepatocellular carcinoma: Exploring ligand-receptor mediated nanotherapy” by Zhou et al[3], the advent of ligand-receptor mediated nanotherapy represents a groundbreaking approach, offering unparalleled precision and efficacy in HCC treatment. Zhou et al[3] illuminates the multifaceted landscape of ligand-receptor interactions and their transformative potential, while addressing the challenges we face in this new era of medicine.

APPLICATION OF NANOTHERAPY IN HCC

At the heart of this nanotherapeutic revolution lies the ability of nanoscale carriers to precisely deliver therapeutic drugs to the tumor site[4]. Alterations in expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have been identified as potential targets for therapeutic intervention[5]. The diverse tumor microenvironment created by the interaction among cells serves as a critical element affecting the management and prognosis of patients with advanced HCC[6] (Figure 1). Ligand--mediated approaches, such as coupling technology, enhance targeting specificity by covalently binding different components like lipids, peptides, antibodies, and sugars with respective receptors[7]. These carriers enhance drug solubility and stability, thereby improving its efficacy and reducing the adverse side effects that often accompany conventional treatments. For instance, anti-glypican-3, with its significant overexpression in HCC cells, serves as a prime target for sorafenib-loaded polymer nanoparticles[8,9]. GalNAc coupling to asialoglycoprotein, a receptor abundantly expressed on hepatocytes, also emerges as a promising strategy, overcoming hurdles associated with drug resistance and improving the efficiency of liver-specific drug delivery[10,11]. The proliferation of receptors such as transferrin receptor and folic acid receptor that correspond to the tumor’s increased demand of essential nutrients are further targets that show promises for ligand-receptor mediated drug delivery[12,13]. Lastly, strategies to facilitate endosome escape, such as glutathione-responsive environmentally sensitive nanocarriers, are additional focuses in ligand-mediated nanotherapy[7,14].

Figure 1 Application of nanomedicine in hepatocellular carcinoma. The tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma and over-expressed receptors on tumor cells including anti-glypican-3, asialoglycoprotein, transferrin receptor, folic acid receptor, Axl and integrins. These receptors on tumor cells are prime targets of nanontherapy, such as sorafenib loaded polymer-based nanoparticles[8-13,16]. GPC3: Anti-glypican-3; FAR: Folic acid receptor; TfR: Transferrin receptor; ASGPR: Asialoglycoprotein.

In addition to improving the specificity of drug delivery, ligand-modified nanoparticles also hold potential both in combatting the complexities of drug resistance and aggressive tumor biology. Nanomedicine holds the unique ability to bypass efflux pumps and navigate the liver's intricate enzyme system and offers hope in overcoming resistance mechanisms that often impede traditional chemotherapy regimens[15]. Overexpressed glycoprotein and certain integrins were previously considered markers of poor prognosis[16]. The advent of ligand-receptor mediated therapy takes advantage of these biomarkers for specifically targeting and delivering the medications to the tumors[7,11]. The exploration of dual-ligand nanoparticle modification is an additional sophisticated strategy that simultaneously targets multiple receptors or pathways on cancer cells. This approach not only enhances targeting and specificity but also opens avenues for synergistic therapeutic agents, providing a comprehensive and dynamic approach to HCC treatment[17,18].

CHALLENGES IN CLINICAL APPLICATION OF NANOTHERAPY

The integration of nanotherapy in the treatment landscape of HCC holds immense promise, yet it is not devoid of challenges. Achieving precise targeted drug delivery to the intricate microenvironment of liver tumors remains a challenge that demands innovative solutions. Additionally, immune responses pose a significant obstacle, as the body often identifies nanoparticles as foreign entities. Overcoming these immune reactions is crucial for maintaining the therapeutic effectiveness of nanocarriers. The synthesis of nanoparticles with consistent properties is another hurdle, requiring advancements to ensure reproducibility and reliability in the manufacturing process. Scaling up production for mass market availability while addressing cost-effectiveness and adhering to stringent regulatory and ethical considerations further complicates the landscape[7,19]. Addressing each of these limitations demands a multidisciplinary approach and is vital for optimizing clinical care and realizing the full potential of nanomedicine in HCC treatment.

Potential solutions to challenges

Despite these challenges, the future of ligand-receptor mediated nanotherapy in HCC is bright. Innovations in ligand-receptor interactions and dual-ligand modifications are expected to refine targeting strategies. Researchers envision controlled drug release mechanisms that respond to stimuli, enabling on-demand drug delivery at tumor sites. The future of nanotherapy in HCC is likely to be personalized, tailoring nanoparticle formulations based on individual patient profiles for enhanced treatment outcomes. The development of multifunctional nanoparticles, such as the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, capable of delivering synergistic therapeutic agents, is anticipated to revolutionize HCC treatment. Advances in nanomaterials science will contribute to the synthesis of nanoparticles with uniform and reproducible properties, addressing current challenges in manufacturing. Streamlining large-scale production processes and ensuring cost-effectiveness are critical for making nanotherapies widely accessible.

CONCLUSION

Continued collaboration across scientific and medical disciplines is needed to navigate the challenges and unlock the full potential of nanomedicine. Overcoming current limitations requires a multidisciplinary approach, with ongoing research aimed at refining targeting strategies, improving drug release mechanisms, and addressing production challenges. As innovations unfold, personalized and multifunctional nanotherapies may revolutionize HCC treatment, offering hope for more effective, precise, and accessible clinical care. The future, it seems, holds the promise of a nano-revolution in HCC therapy-a multidisciplinary odyssey towards precision targeting and transformative outcomes.